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Convert gpa from 5.0 to 4.0 scale - May 1, 2023 · A: The grading scale for CGPA is the same as GPA, which

Comparing, say an A- average to a 93% average to a 3.5 GPA is much

To convert your percentage to GPA on a 10.0 scale, you can simply divide your percentage by 9.5, i.e. How do you convert a 10 point GPA to a 4.0 scale? Academics in the form of CGPA and GPA scores are sent to universities as part of the application process….Steps to converting 10 point CGPA to 4 point GPA.A GPA is actually your grade point average of all your course grades divided by the total number of credits. Looking at that average is significantly easier for the adcoms than looking through your entire transcript grade by grade. Most US colleges report grades on a 4.0 grade, where the top grade, an A, equals a 4.0. The interesting thing to remember is that one GPA point equals 25% on a 4-point scale, but 20% on a 5-point GPA scale. To convert GPA to percentage on a four-point scale, use the formula: ... Multiply the result by 4: 0.86 × 4 = 3.4. The result (3.4) is your GPA. How is cGPA different from GPA?It’s the highest GPA you can attain, so congratulations! What are the grades for a 4.0 GPA? Letter Grade Percent Grade 4.0 GPA Scale B- 80–82 2.7 C+ 77–79 2.3 C 73–76 2.0 C- 70–72 1.7 . What is the average GPA for a college? Colleges report GPA (grade point average) on a 4.0 scale. The top grade is an A, which equals 4.0.Lowest passing grade. E. 0 – 1.99. 0 – 49.99. Inadequate Achievement. F. This international GPA calculator is intended to help you convert your Australian university grades to US GPA scale. GPA Conversion Table. 4.0 Scale: 4.3 Scale: 4.5 Scale: 5.0 Scale: 100 Points Scale: 3.97 ~ 4.0: 4.26 ~ 4.31) First, the grades are converted to the U.S. equivalent for countries other than the U.S. 2) The GPA converter converts each U.S. grade equivalent to points using the following scale: 3) The points for each class are multiplied by the number of credits or hours for that class, added together, and divided by the total number of credits or hours.If you've already done an unweighted GPA calculation, then this method is for you: #1: First, count separately the number of standard classes, honors classes, and AP classes that you've taken. #2: Next, add your unweighted converted grade sum + (.5 * number of honors classes) + number of AP classes. This is your weighted sum.1 answer. There is absolutely no intrinsic benefit to some schools using 4.0 scales vs. 5.0 scales or 6.0 scales or higher. College admissions readers evaluate your academics based on your counselor submitting a school profile. On the profile report is the scale, the number of AP or IB courses offered, how the school applies the scale, the ...Jul 4, 2023 · Using the scale above, the grade point for each score in Jackie's example is: A = 4.0. A+ = 4.0. B = 3.0. B = 3.0. Related: How To Convert GPA (Grade Point Average) To a 4.0 Scale. 3. Multiply the number of credit hours earned by the numerical equivalent point for each class A weighted GPA showcases the hard work and challenge of your high school career by reflecting whether the classes you took were standard level, honors level, or AP/IB level. It does this by adding .5 to every honors class GPA conversion decimal and adding 1 to every AP class conversion decimal, creating a scale that goes from 0.0 to 5.0. worry if you feel that the conversion guide does not accurately reflect your achievements; we will review all transcripts to balance any potential inaccuracies in grade equivalency. ... US GPA US Letter grade Australian scale 1 Australian scale 2 3.5 -4.0 A 7 83 -100 3.3 -3.49 B+ 6.99 73 -82.99 2.99 -3.29 B 5 -5.99 63 -72.99 Below 3.0 B-/C 4 -4 ...Colleges typically use a 4.0 GPA scale so that all GPAs are standardized. Rather than trying to compare a bunch of letter grades, percentages, or different GPA scoring scales, colleges convert all those scores to the 4.0 scale. That makes it easy to accurately compare the grades of students from all over the country and world.If your transcript indicates grades on a 4.0 scale and on a 100 percent scale, please calculate cumulative GPA using the percentage scale. If you attended an institution that uses degree classification or verbal mentions (for example, Second Class/Upper Division or Tres Bien), be sure to enter this result as the cumulative GPA.Calculate your GPA and CGPA on scale 4 and 5 accurately with our free online calculator. Input your grades and credits, and get your final grade instantly.Below 65. For every subject, an A+ can be followed by an F. To calculate GPA on a 5.0 scale, you must first select your current letter grade. You can find out your score by asking your teacher or checking the noticeboard. To calculate your grade point average, add all your A-level credits and multiply the total by 5.Model trains are a popular hobby for many people, and O scale model trains are some of the most popular. O scale model trains are a great way to get started in the hobby, as they are relatively inexpensive and easy to find.The maximum GPA any student can achieve is a 7. For example, if a student has completed 4 units in one degree, with two passes (4), one fail (0), and one distinction (6), their GPA would be: 4 + 4 + 0 + 6 = 14. They would then divide the 14 by the 4 units they studied, which would give the student a 3.5 GPA. UNE's 7-point grading scale is as ...Lowest passing grade. E. 0 – 1.99. 0 – 49.99. Inadequate Achievement. F. This international GPA calculator is intended to help you convert your Australian university grades to US GPA scale.Looking for an easy way to convert your grades between the Filipino GWA and the 4.0 GPA scales? Look no further than our handy grade converter tool! Just enter the grade you want to convert from, and presto! The equivalent grade in the other scale magically appears on the other side of the table.What is a good GPA? Using the traditional academic performance definitions for letter grades, the GPA scale can be broken down as follows. The average GPA in high school is a 3.0, so anything higher than that is a good GPA. 3.7 to 4.0 - A range: Excellent Performance; 2.7 to 3.6 - B range: Good Performance; 1.7 to 2.6 - C range: Satisfactory ... The unweighted GPA will not consider the difficulty of the classes in the calculations. For example, you are taking two classes, one class is a standard level class and another is a higher level class, and you got a grade “A” for both classes. As grade “A” is a 4.0 GPA, you will get an unweighted GPA of (4.0 + 4.0) / 2 = 4.0.This easy-to-use online calculator will help save your time and energy by assisting you to solve mathematical tasks quicker. The GPA calculator finds your grade point average on either a 4.33 or 4.0 scale. The grade point average scales can be found here: 4.0 GPA Scale and 4.33 GPA Scale. We would like to clarify a frequently asked question ...Tongji University - 5.0 Scale. Submitted by admin on Thu, 06/15/2017 - 12:42. Location: Hubei. Country: China. Intl GPA: 5/4/3/2. US GPA: 4/3/2/1. Notes: ... (90-100) = 5; B (80-89) = 4; C (70-79) = 3; D (60-69) = 2. Calculator . Intl GPA: = Calculate. Powered by Drupal. Note: this site is for use by University of California employees only ...Colleges typically use a 4.0 GPA scale so that all GPAs are standardized. Rather than trying to compare a bunch of letter grades, percentages, or different GPA scoring scales, colleges convert all those scores to the 4.0 scale. That makes it easy to accurately compare the grades of students from all over the country and world.High School GPA Conversion. The University of Kansas uses a students GPA on a 4.0 scale to make an admission decision. If your school does not use a 4.0 scale, please use the conversion table below to convert your GPA to a 4.0 scale from the scale your school uses. Please report your converted GPA on the 4.0 scale on your application.Percentage to GPA Calculator- 4.0 Scale. The US grading system uses a 4.0 GPA scale, which means that 25 points are equal to 1 point in the US GPA. Therefore, to convert a percentage to a grade point average (GPA) on a 4.0 scale, just divide it by 100 and then multiply it by 4. Consider that your overall grade for graduation was 70%.In this case, you divide your average GPA with your GPA scale value, 6.0/8.0. Then, you take the result and multiply it by 4. This will give you your standardized GPA score. 6.0/8.0 = 0.75. 0.75*4 = 3 GPA. If your GPA score has more than 1 number after the decimal point, round to the nearest hundredth.If you've already done an unweighted GPA calculation, then this method is for you: #1: First, count separately the number of standard classes, honors classes, and AP classes that you've taken. #2: Next, add your unweighted converted grade sum + (.5 * number of honors classes) + number of AP classes. This is your weighted sum.So, the formula to calculate GPA from percentage in India on a scale of 4.0 is to just divide the obtained percentage by 100 and then multiply it by 4. Now, to calculate GPA from percentage on a scale of 10, candidates can just multiply their percentage by 9.5. The formula to calculate GPA from percentage on a scale of 10 is GPA = Percentage/9.5.Feb 22, 2021 · The unweighted GPA will not consider the difficulty of the classes in the calculations. For example, you are taking two classes, one class is a standard level class and another is a higher level class, and you got a grade “A” for both classes. As grade “A” is a 4.0 GPA, you will get an unweighted GPA of (4.0 + 4.0) / 2 = 4.0. Hi, I’m confused rn because as I read college acceptances posts, people who got accepted have like 4.5 weighted gpa or higher. Is that from a 4.0 scale or from a 5.0 scale? My cumulative average is a 91.33 out of a 100 and I …If using percentage grading scale, you must provide what percent is the lowest "A". Examples: To convert a 3.75 on a 5.0 grading scale, enter 3.75 in the GPA field and 5.0 in the Scale field. To convert a 87% cumulative GPA on a 100% grading scale, determine the lowest percent for an "A" (including "A-") and enter that number in the lowest "A ... The German grade scale ranges between 1.0 and 6.0 (or 5.0), where 1.0 is the highest score possible, and 6.0 (or 5.0) is the lowest. A score between 1.0 and 1.3 is considered Excellent, whereas 1.7 - 2.3 is good. The satisfactory score or average grade ranges between 2.7 and 3.3. The sufficient score to pass the exams is between 3.7 and 4.0.How to Calculate Your Weighted GPA. You calculate a weighted GPA much like you would a standard GPA, except that you substitute the value of the weighted scale for each advanced class. Consequently, rather than the scale ending at 4.0 like an unweighted GPA, weighted GPAs range from 0 to 5.0. For example, an A in an AP class …An unweighted GPA is the average of all your grades on the 4.0 scale above. Some high schools use a weighted GPA scale, which gives more points (greater "weight") to grades …GPA is measured on a scale of 0 to 4.0, while GWA ranges between 1.0 and 5.0, with 1.0 being the highest and 5.0 being the lowest.You can also check your grades with gwa calculator.To calculate your own GPA on the 4.0 scale, convert each of your class grades into their corresponding values. Add the values up, then divide the total by the number of classes …Method 1: Taking Classes That Are out of More Than 5.0 Points. If you happen to go to a school that weights some classes above five points (e.g., on a 6.0 scale), you have a much better chance of earning a GPA of 5.0. The idea is to take (and excel in) as many classes weighted above 5.0 as you can. The weighted average mark (WAM) is calculated using this formula: For example, a student has completed three subjects. Two are worth 12.5 points, and the third is worth 37.5. They attained 76%, 67%, and 81%, respectively. The resulting calculation would be:GPA = 300/72. GPA = 4.167. Students are encouraged to seek support whenever needed. Please visit the Health, Safety & Wellbeing webpage for available support services. Students receive a GPA for their academic career. Your GPA will be published on your academic transcript. Students who are enrolled in more than one program - or who change ...Note: This calculator should be used as a guide only and is an estimate of your GPA. An official Verification of GPA letter can be purchased online for $20 through the Student Payments system.. Example calculation. Sally studied 24 courses attempting a total of 250 units, she achieved 240 units of passes and 10 units of fails.. She received a Credit in 15 …In the Philippines, some universities follow a 4-Point Scale, which resembles or is equivalent to the U.S. grading system. This system uses a grade between 0.00 to 4.00 wherein 4.00 is the highest and 0.00 being a failing mark. Other universities follow a 5-Point Scale, wherein the highest grade is a 1.00 and the lowest is a 5.00 (failing mark). GPA is measured on a scale of 0 to 4.0, while GWA ranges between 1.0 and 5.0, with 1.0 being the highest and 5.0 being the lowest.You can also check your grades with gwa calculator.When using a weighted GPA scale, GPAs can be higher than a 4.0, possibly all the way up to a 5.0. How do you convert percentage to GPA? To convert percentages to GPA, you must assign each percentage a letter grade. Typically, 90-100% is an A. 80-89% is a B. 70-79% is a C. 60-69% is a D. 0-59% is an F. An A is worth 4 points. Bs are worth 3 points.GPA Converter. GPA Calculator. Use this GPA converter tool if your school does not use a 4.0 Grade point scale. Enter your current GPA. Select your GPA scale. Click on "Convert" to see your 4.0 scale GPA. GPA Calculator. Current GPA. Select Current Scale.Unweighted GPA Conversion Chart. An unweighted GPA means that your GPA is measured on a scale from 0 to 4.0 regardless of how difficult your classes are. This means an A in an AP or IB course and an A in a low-level course both translate to 4.0s. You can use this GPA converter to figure out your unweighted GPA below.I’ve seen 4.3 scales not not 4.33. Normally it’s just giving more weight to an A+. A+ = 4.3, A =4.0, and then similar to what we have. A 4.0 scale gives the same grade to an A+ and an A. All you need to do is convert your A+’s into 4.3s and calculate your gpa that way.The scale above is the most common GPA conversion scale used by high schools and universities in the United States. Some schools use .5 steps. For example, grades A- or B+ are converted to 3.5, but grade AB is more accurate in this case (and is used in Scholaro GPA). A+ is sometimes converted to 4.3 (or 4.33) points, but many universities do ...Grades are typically weighted on a scale of 0-5.0, with an A=5.0, B=4.0, C=3.0, D=2.0 and F=0.0. Is a 3.7 GPA an A?Mar 1, 2022 · A quick review. GPA Stands for Grade Point Average and is the number that represents your academic achievement in high school. GPAs that don’t account for how hard your classes were are called unweighted and are reported on a 4.0 scale. GPAs that monitor how difficult coursework is are called weighted and are reported on a 5.0 scale. When using a weighted GPA scale, GPAs can be higher than a 4.0, possibly all the way up to a 5.0. How do you convert percentage to GPA? To convert percentages to GPA, you must assign each percentage a letter grade. Typically, 90-100% is an A. 80-89% is a B. 70-79% is a C. 60-69% is a D. 0-59% is an F. An A is worth 4 points. Bs are worth 3 points. Below we have decoded the German grades meaning that can help you understand the German grading system. 1.0-1.5 = “ Sehr gut ” which translates for exceptional performance. 1.6-2.5 = “ gut” which translates to good performance. 2.6-3.5 = “ befriedigend” which translates for satisfactory or average performance.The GPA scale has in general five grades, A, B, C, D, and F where A is the highest grade and F is the grade that stands for fail. Score Predictor. Predict your ...Unweighted GPA Conversion Chart. An unweighted GPA means that your GPA is measured on a scale from 0 to 4.0 regardless of how difficult your classes are. This means an A in an AP or IB course and an A in a low-level course both translate to 4.0s. You can use this GPA converter to figure out your unweighted GPA below. An unweighted GPA is the average of all your grades on the 4.0 scale above. Some high schools use a weighted GPA scale, which gives more points (greater "weight") to grades in accelerated courses like Honors Biology or AP French. So, while a B might normally equal a 3.0, a B in an AP class would be more like a 3.3 on a weighted scale.To calculate your CPGA on a four-point scale, convert your grade in each course first. Don’t convert your CGPA directly to the four-point scale. Calculate your CGPA by dividing the sum of all your grade points by the sum of units of …GPA Conversions – How to Convert Your GPA to a 4.0 Scale New . 01/03/2017 · 4.0: 83 to 85: A-4.5: 3.7: 80 … 23/03/2022 · This GPA calculator calculates your grade point average using a 4. 0 Conversion of the final grade / the grade average of degrees awarded by foreign higher education institutions into the Swiss grading system. a- IB …1) First, the grades are converted to the U.S. equivalent for countries other than the U.S. 2) The GPA converter converts each U.S. grade equivalent to points using the following scale: 3) The points for each class are multiplied by the number of credits or hours for that class, added together, and divided by the total number of credits or hours. While the criteria call for a grade point average (GPA) on a 4.0, 5.0 or 10 scale, you may only have a percentage score. Once y ou understand how to calculate a ...GPA conversions. Three MIT credit units are equal to one semester hour. To convert your GPA to a 4.0 scale, substitute the following values in the calculation above: A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, F=0, O=0. Conversion to a 4.0 scale is not valid for students who attended MIT prior to 1970.Below 65. For every subject, an A+ can be followed by an F. To calculate GPA on a 5.0 scale, you must first select your current letter grade. You can find out your score by asking your teacher or checking the noticeboard. To calculate your grade point average, add all your A-level credits and multiply the total by 5.Method 1: Taking Classes That Are out of More Than 5.0 Points. If you happen to go to a school that weights some classes above five points (e.g., on a 6.0 scale), you have a much better chance of earning a GPA of 5.0. The idea is to take (and excel in) as many classes weighted above 5.0 as you can.Grade Conversion • GPA Calculator. College GPA Calculator. High School GPA Calculator. Grade Calculator. GPA Scale. How to Calculate GPA. How to Raise GPA. Admission. Good Grades.The resultant number will be your final GPA. For example, if the percentage is 90%, the equivalent GPA (4.0) will be 3.6. Some universities use GPA (4.3) scale. To get your GPA (4.3) from the percentage, multiply your percentage by 4.3 and then divide by 100. To convert your percentage to GPA (5.0), you can divide your percentage by 20.Looking for an easy way to convert your grades between the Filipino GWA and the 4.0 GPA scales? Look no further than our handy grade converter tool! Just enter the grade you want to convert from, and presto! The equivalent grade in the other scale magically appears on the other side of the table.Grade Conversion • GPA Calculator. College GPA Calculator. High School GPA Calculator. Grade Calculator. GPA Scale. How to Calculate GPA. How to Raise GPA. Admission. Good Grades.GPA Converter. GPA Calculator. Use this GPA converter tool if your school does not use a 4.0 Grade point scale. Enter your current GPA. Select your GPA scale. Click on "Convert" to see your 4.0 scale GPA. GPA Calculator. Current GPA. Select Current Scale.If you are trying to convert your GPA to a 4.0 scale from a 5.0 scale, you'll need to determine the conversion rate for each letter grade and calculate your GPA accordingly. Is a 2.75 GPA good? Whether a 2.75 GPA is considered good depends on several factors, such as the specific academic program or institution you are attending, the level of ...This is why you can’t calculate your GPA simply by adding up the five unweighted GPA numbers (in the far right hand column) and dividing by 5 (the number of courses). Instead you must take the following steps: Steps for calculating your GPA on a 4.0 scale. To put your GPA on a 4.0 scale, you will not be using the “Weighted GPA” column.This tool will help you quickly convert marks between different grading systems. Enter mark in the From field, select grading systems, and then click Convert. Commonly used table to convert GPA to 4.0 scale. (This is the standard scale at most colleges, and many high schools use it.) Letter: Percent: 4.0 Scale: A+: 97-100: 4: A: 93-96: 4: A-90 ...Institutions usually assign figures within a scale of 0.0 ~ 0.4, but sometimes can include 5.0, depending on the course type and institution preference. The table below represents the 4.0 scaling system, with each respective letter and its percentage value: ... Divide the total points by the total credit hours to calculate the GPA for the ...A minimum grade of 4 on a 5 point grading scale ... Use straight grades only and convert to the 4.5 scale. *To convert from a 4.0 scale to a 4.5 scale, first ...Unweighted GPA Conversion Chart. An unweighted GPA means that your GPA is measured on a scale from 0 to 4.0 regardless of how difficult your classes are. This means an A in an AP or IB course and an A in a low-level course both translate to 4.0s. You can use this GPA converter to figure out your unweighted GPA below.Besides the standard 4.0 scale, educational institutions may employ different GPA scales, such as a 5.0 scale, a 12.0 scale, or even a 100-point scale. During the college admissions process, some colleges convert each student’s GPA, including the student’s cumulative GPA, to a uniform scale to evaluate their performance relative to the entire applicant pool.1) First, the grades are converted to the U.S. equivalent for countries other than the U.S. 2) The GPA converter converts each U.S. grade equivalent to points using the following scale: 3) The points for each class are multiplied by the number of credits or hours for that class, added together, and divided by the total number of credits or hours.Grade point averages are typically calculated on what is called a 4.0 scale, yet some schools may use a 5.0 weighted GPA or even an 11.0 scale. If your school ...4 Jun 2018 ... Closed 5 years ago. Improve this question. My school gives me my GPA as a percentage out of 100. If I have 91.55 ...19 Sep 2023 ... This calculator uses the following scales for grade points: Standard 4.0 GPA Scale ... Scale: A = 5.0. Grade. Weighted Grade Points. A+. 5.0. A.To put your GPA on a 4.0 scale, you will not be using the “Weighted GPA ” column. For each individual course, multiply the number of credits by the unweighted GPA …. (678)-710-3699 [email protected]. How to Calculate GPA on a 4.0 Scale – Conversion Chart.It do not require any technical expertness to use. Therefore, our website can be claimed as the best gpa to percentage converter. How to use GPA to Percentage: Once you land on our website, you will see a search bar on the homepage. This homepage also has three different grading scale options of 4 GPA, 5 GPA and 10 GPA.Wharton, for example, says: Students reporting grades from institutions that do not evaluate academic performance on a 4.0 GPA scale should NOT convert their ...Most high schools will convert all your final grades into a scale ranging from 0.0 to 4.0. This unweighted GPA scale treats your grades the same, no matter whether they come from Standard, Honors, or AP/IB classes. …Unweighted GPA Conversion Chart. An unweighted GPA means that your GPA is measured on a scale from 0 to 4.0 regardless of how difficult your classes are. This means an A in an AP or IB course and an A in a low-level course both translate to 4.0s. You can use this GPA converter to figure out your unweighted GPA below.Grades are typically weighted on a scale of 0-5.0, with an A=5.0, B=4.0, C=3.0, D=2.0 and F=0.0. Is a 3.7 GPA an A?In the HSC Grading system, there Points are, A+/5.0, A/4.0, A-/3.5, B/3, C/2, D=1, F/0. HSC GPA Calculator also called HSC GPA Calculator BD or HSC GPA Calculator Bangladesh. Using this calculator you can easily calculate your Higher Secondary Certificate Course Result. Most people are asking about how to calculate …4.0 GRADING SCALE 5.0 GRADING SCALE 10.0 GRADING SCALE. Calculate. Submit the ... Candidates can convert a 10 point CGPA to a 4 point GPA using the formula ...1) First, the grades are converted to the U.S. equivalent for countries other than the U.S. 2) The GPA converter converts each U.S. grade equivalent to points using the following scale: 3) The points for each class are multiplied by the number of credits or hours for that class, added together, and divided by the total number of credits or hours.1) First, the grades are converted to the U.S. equivalent for countries other than the U.S. 2) The GPA converter converts each U.S. grade equivalent to points using the following scale: 3) The points for each class are multiplied by the number of credits or hours for that class, added together, and divided by the total number of credits or hours. In the 5.0 GPA system, letter grades are given points values with "A" being 5, "B" being 4, "C" being 3, "D" being 4 and an "F" being 0. Add together all credits you took for the semester of interest. If calculating an end-of-college GPA, total all credits taken. For example, you might have a total of 16 credits for a semester.To convert your GPA to a 4.0 scale, multiply your original GPA by the multiplier indicated in the table below. Is your GPA not on this list? Here is the general conversion formula your can use. ( [Your GPA]) X 4.0 / ( [Your GPA Scale]) So, if your GPA is 4.1 on a 4.5 scale, the formula looks like this: (4.1) X (4.0 / 4.5) = 3.64What is a good GPA? Using the traditional academic performance definitions for l, In this case, you divide your average GPA with your GPA sca, Convert an international GPA to a 4.0 US grading scale You will need: A copy of the applicant’s Graduate Sc, GPA Conversion Table. 4.0 Scale: 4.3 Scale: 4.5 Scale: 5.0 Scale: 100 , WES provides free tools to help you calculate your GPA, determine your degree equivalency in the U.S. and Canada. , In the Philippines, some universities follow a 4-Point Scale, which resembles or is equivalent to the U.S. gradi, It has three types of scales: 4.0, 4.3 and 5.0. The most common scale is 4.0. How to c, A: The grading scale for CGPA is the same as GPA, which i, Satish Satyarthi. When applying for GKS scholarship, you are expect, The GPA scale isn't standardized and varies from school to , A GPA is actually your grade point average of all your course grades , Unweighted GPA Conversion Chart. An unweighted GPA mean, Formula For GWA To GPA Converter. The conversion from GWA to G, Aug 18, 2023 · Looking for an easy way to convert your grades, Convert an international GPA to a 4.0 US grading s, Lowest passing grade. E. 0 – 1.99. 0 – 49.99. Inadequate, Calculate your high school GPA with our easy to use hig, GPA Conversion Table. 4.0 Scale: 4.3 Scale: 4.5 Scale: 5.0 S.