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Antler orogeny - Upper plate rocks were thrust eastward over the coeval lowe

The Antler orogeny was a tectonic event that began in the early Late

Answer: The orogenic events that occurred during the development of Cordillera in Western North America (from oldest to youngest) are Antler Orogeny, formation of Ancestral Rocky Mountains in Colorado associated with Ouachita-Marathon Orogeny, Sonoma …. View the full answer.pre-Mississippian Antler orogeny, this is not quite certain. The fault on which it probably rode, while perhaps contemporaneous with the Roberts thrust, is structurally much higher, within the upper plate of that thrust. In the type locality (7) in the Roberts Moun­ tains (fig. 1) and for SO miles tothe west, the RobertsA lot of people assume that reindeer, just like Santa Claus, are make believe. But the antlered stars of Christmas stories such as Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer and the Santa Claus movie are real animals—that bring in real business. Rentin...Antler orogeny Caledonian orogeny Taconic orogeny Acadian orogeny. When did the Valley and Ridge Province fold-thrust belt along the interior edge of the U.S. Appalachian Mountains develop? late paleozoic. What evidence led geologists to suggest that the mass extinction at the K-Pg boundary represents collision of an asteroid with the Earth?Antler Orogeny . Period: North America. Permian: Alleghenian Orogeny* (SE) Pensylvannian. Mississippian. Ouachita Orogeny (S) Devonian. Acadian Orogeny* (E) Antler ...this collisional tectonic event closed the ocean that separated laurentia and baltica. acadian orogeny. avalonia and southeastern margin of laurasia. antler orogeny. early mississippian the passive western margin of laurentia was affected by. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Paleogeography, end, no and more.The Sevier orogeny was a mountain-building event that affected western North America from northern Canada to the north to Mexico to the south.. Location of the Sevier Fold and Thrust Belt (highlighted in red). After Yonkee and Weil (2015). The Sevier orogeny was the result of convergent boundary tectonic activity, and deformation occurred from approximately 160 million years (Ma) ago to around ...The Nevadan orogeny occurred along the western margin of North America during the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time which is approximately from 155 Ma to 145 Ma. Throughout the duration of this orogeny there were at least two different kinds of orogenic processes occurring. During the early stages of orogenesis an "Andean type" continental magmatic arc developed due to subduction of the ...Request PDF | Sonoma Orogeny—A Reassessment | The Late Permian to earliest Triassic Sonoma orogeny has long been envisioned as the result of an arc-continent collision that closed the Havallah ...All characteristics of the Antler foreland, Roberts Mountains allochthon, and related intraoceanic magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic components of the western Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains are consistent with Speed and Sleep’s (1982) model for the Antler orogeny (Fig. 4 A–C).Baltica: In which period does Baltica collide with Laurentia? What is produced during the collision? Early Silurian. Caledonian Orogeny, antler. Euramerica: Which continents combine to make Euramerica? In which period does it form? Where is. the continent of Euramerica located during the Late Paleozoic periods? 1.University of OregonThe Antler orogeny reconsidered and implications for late Paleozoic tectonics of western Laurentia. March 2023. Authors: Patricia H. Cashman. University of …Benoit Beauchamp. The Sverdrup Basin is located in the Canadian Arctic Islands. It is 1,000 km by 350 km and is filled with up to 13 km of Carboniferous to Paleogene strata. The basin initially ...Antler orogeny. The Antler orogeny is a mountain-building episode that is named for Antler Peak, at Battle Mountain, Nevada.The orogeny extensively deformed Paleozoic rocks of the Great Basin in Nevada and western Utah during Late Devonian and Early Mississippian time. In the late Devonian, the Antler volcanic island arc terrane collided with was then the west coast of North America in the ...Abstract. The late Cenozoic thrust belts of the Apennine, Carpathian, and Hellenic systems of the Mediterranean region provide modern analogues for the middle Paleozoic Antler orogeny. Each of these young or active mountain belts formed in convergent systems in which thrusting occurred behind a zone of trench retreat, while a region of ...OROGENY CONVERGENCE-RELATED COMPRESSION SEVIER OROGENY SIERRA NEVADA BATHOLITH SONOMA OROGENY ANTLER OROGENY CORDILLERAN MIOGEOCLINAL SEDIMENTATION RIFTING Generalized stratigraphic column of rocks in Railroad Valley and the Grant Range. Column is correlated to regional tectonic events and rates of sedimentation. Compiled with data from Stewart ...Cordilleran Mobile Belt Antler Orogeny in Devonian. Cordillera Evolved • After Laramide deformation, Cordillera continued to evolve • large-scale block-faulting • extensive volcanism • vertical uplift and deep erosion • Basin and Range • During about the first half of the Cenozoic Era, ...Question: COLUMNA COLUMN B lone choice below has no matching words at left Catskill Clastic Wedge A. large, round, depression located north of Ohio--began in Silurian--contains evaporites B. volcanic island arc off NW margin of North America--involved in the Antler Orogeny Cincinnati Arch C. huge clastic wedge that began to form in Europe during the Caledonian OrogenyIt is believed that the duration of deposition of the Trenton Group was approximately 4 to 5 million years. The following discussion briefly considers the record of tectonic activity in relation to Trenton Group deposits. The primary goal is to familiarize the reader with the concept of the Taconic Orogeny and the sedimentary signatures of this ...This phase was terminated by the Antler orogeny (IIa) in Late Devonian through Middle Pennsylvanian time. Clastic debris from the Antler belt was shed westward during late Paleozoic time into flanking eugeosynclinal troughs and eastward into epicontinental troughs; deposition in the western trough was terminated by the Sonoma orogeny (IIb) of ...The Antler orogeny was brief and intense. During this period, the rocks of the Shoo Fly Complex were compressed, metamorphosed, cut by numerous thrust faults, intruded by igneous rocks, uplifted, and eroded. - 45 WESTERN METAMORPHIC BELT Diagrammatic Cross Section 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain -forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was originally proposed by H.P. Woodward in 1957. The Alleghanian orogeny occurred approximately 325 million to 260 million years ago [1] over at ...Mass extinction event. What supercontinent was formed 1.8 to 1.5 bya in the late Paleoproterozoic? Columbia. Which orogeny occured in the Paleoproterozoic after the formation of Columbia? The Trans-Hudson Orogeny. Which rifts form in the Proterozoic? The Mid-Continental Rift forms, then fails, in North America.The Acadian orogeny is a long-lasting mountain building event which began in the Middle Devonian, reaching a climax in the early Late Devonian. [1] It was active for approximately 50 million years, beginning roughly around 375 million years ago, with deformational, plutonic, and metamorphic events extending into the Early Mississippian. [2]The Antler orogeny is envisioned as a mechanical system where an incompetent acretionary wedge is emplaced over a highly competent footwall. Dynamics of the Antler contractional belt follow those ...Oct 1993. David Rhys. The Snip mine consists of an auriferous southwest-dipping shear vein system in a north-dipping Triassic greywacke-siltstone sequence altered with abundant veinlet and ...The Antler orogeny is envisioned as a mechanical system where an incompetent acretionary wedge is emplaced over a highly competent footwall. Dynamics of the Antler contractional belt follow those ...an abstract as follows: “The earliest orogeny, here named the Antler orogeny … took place during Mississippian (?) and early Pennsylvanian time.” That abstract was followed in 1951 by his geologic map of the Antler Peak quadrangle in the text of which he described the Antler orogeny in detail and Antoloji örnekleri şunlardır: - Mehmet Fuat Köprülü: Divan Edebiyatı Antolojisi. - Asım Bezirci: Dünden Bugüne Türk Şiiri. - Rauf Mutluay: Tanzimattan …The Nevadan orogeny occurred along the western margin of North America during the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time which is approximately from 155 Ma to 145 Ma. Throughout the duration of this orogeny there were at least two different kinds of orogenic processes occurring. During the early stages of orogenesis an "Andean type" continental magmatic arc developed due to subduction of the ...Three Devonian pulses of the Antler orogeny are better documented in the chapter on the Bisoni-McKay area. Here, the first Antler pulse in latest Middle Devonian time is obscured within an ~9 m.y. hiatus enlarged by excavation of the Alamo impact crater. The second Antler pulse is recorded by the ~4 m.y. hiatus produced by the regional ...Helped form the Rockies. A volcanic island arc accreted the area that is now California. Similar to that of the Antler Orogeny, but accreted a much larger portion of crust to North America. Late Permian to Triassic.Antler orogeny. The Antler orogeny is a mountain-building episode that is named for Antler Peak, at Battle Mountain, Nevada.The orogeny extensively deformed Paleozoic rocks of the Great Basin in Nevada and western Utah during Late Devonian and Early Mississippian time. In the late Devonian, the Antler volcanic island arc terrane collided with was then the west coast …formed, likely during the Antler Orogeny, prior to the deposi-tion of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Etchart Formation. Basalt, ... Triassic Sonoma Orogeny. Broad, northeast-trending folds in theEtchartareinterpreted to haveoccurred during theSonoma …The Antler orogeny took place during late middle Paleozoic time; this was followed by the Sonoma orogeny during the middle or Late Permian and by folding and thrusting that commenced in the late ...Tectonic disturbances occurred during the Devonian and Mississippian (Antler? orogeny), the Permian and (or) Early Triassic (Sonoman? orogeny), the Late Jurassic (Nevadan orogeny), and at various other times during emplacement of the batholith and uplift that accompanied and followed its emplacement. The strata in the western metamorphic belt ...Major orogenic events and structural systems that have deformed the Great Basin, that have complicated hydrocarbon exploration across western Utah and Nevada, and that have been examined for restoration of thrust sheets include: (a) the Late Devonian-Mississippian Antler orogeny and emplacement of the Roberts Mountain and associated thrust ...The cause of the Taconian Orogeny was a collision between two tectonic plates: the ancestral North American plate’s continental leading edge, and another plate of oceanic affinity, now deceased. The oceanic plate was one of the plates that floored the Iapetus Ocean, and as it moved toward the ancestral North American plate, the oceanic ...@article{osti_5098031, title = {Possible fault-bounded Early Mississippian Antler flysch trough in south-central Idaho}, author = {Wilson, E and Link, P K}, abstractNote = {The Mississippian Copper Basin Formation of south-central Idaho represents a submarine fan complex associated with the late Devonian to Early Mississippian Antler orogeny.Instead, the orogeny was characterized by appearance of an elongate north-northeast-trending uplift through central Nevada and by two parallel flanking depressions. The eastern depression was the Antler foreland trough, into which sediments flowed from both east and west in the Mississippian.The Antler orogeny is a bit of a puzzle for geologists, as the small orogeny has several possible causes, including a collision between the North American plate and an island arc. However, evidence exists that the cause could be a …The Antler Orogeny was a middle to late Paleozoic precursor of the main period of folding and faulting that formed the Cordillera. The Antler Orogeny caused weak to moderate deformation in the western United States (Fig. 7.4). Parts of the Antler Orogen are now buried by younger deposits, so it is difficult to know its true geographic extent ...The Late Cretaceous to Eocene Laramide orogeny resulted in deformation of a large area in the west called the North American Cordillera, which extends from Alaska to Mexico Following the Laramide orogeny, the North American Cordillera continued to evolve as it experienced volcanism, uplift of broad plateaus, large-scale block faulting, and deep ...The Antler orogeny is envisioned as a mechanical system where an incompetent acretionary wedge is emplaced over a highly competent footwall. Dynamics of the Antler contractional belt follow those ...the Devonian-Mississippian Antler orogeny through the Permian-Triassic Sonoma orogeny and then up to the Sevier orogeny, south-central Nevada was thought to have remained tectonically inactive. However, Pennsylvanian through Jurassic age deformation is documented to the south in Death Valley and to the north. IdentifyingJan 1, 1991 · Abstract. The late Cenozoic thrust belts of the Apennine, Carpathian, and Hellenic systems of the Mediterranean region provide modern analogues for the middle Paleozoic Antler orogeny. Each of these young or active mountain belts formed in convergent systems in which thrusting occurred behind a zone of trench retreat, while a region of ... Miogeoclinal sedimentation was terminated after mid-Paleozoic time by eastward obduction of overthrust subduction complexes forming the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons (Figs. 4 and 5), which were emplaced during the Devonian-Mississippian Antler orogeny and the Permian-Triassic Sonoma orogeny, respectively .... Antler Orogeny, post-Antler ... Complex deformation includes the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian, Antler Orogeny, post-Antler thrusting, and Cenozoic Basin and ...The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain -forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was originally proposed by H.P. Woodward in 1957. The Alleghanian orogeny occurred approximately 325 million to 260 million years ago [1] over at ...The Appalachian mountain belt formed due to the. A. Antler orogeny. B. Alleghanian orogeny. C. Himalayan orogeny. D. Sevier orogeny.North America - Prehistoric, Geology, Plate Tectonics: The interval between about 1.3 billion and 950 million years ago began with continental rifting and culminated in the Grenville orogeny along the southeastern margin of the continent. Northwest-trending dikes were intruded in a short interval of time across the entire northwestern half of the Canadian Shield 1.27 billion years ago. The ...This is recorded by the Late Devonian initiation of arc magmatism along western Laurentia, and the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Antler orogeny in the western US and Ellesmerian orogeny in the ...The Antler Orogeny was the result of this island arc collision. The extent of this initial orogenic event of western Euramerica is unknown because both the north and south margins have been removed or obliterated by younger tectonic processes. The orogeny developed in several phases: 1. This disconformity, clearly exposed in 10 mountain ranges, indicates regional uplift and erosion of the western facies assemblage and absence of local deformation. The disconformity represents the Antler orogeny.A study of the sedimentary rocks within the Antler and Sonoma Orogenic belt in northern Nevada, with mapping and analysis of the Scott Canyon and Harmony formations. The study challenges the …Cordilleran Orogeny Geological Map of Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming Quaternary Qa QPV Gray Magenta Alluvium and windblown sand Younger volcanic rocks Tertiary (Miocene) Mbb Pink M Моа Browns Peak and Bishop Formations Ogallala and Arikaree Formations White River Group Tertiary (Oligocene) Ow Yellowish orange Tertiary (Eocene) Eb Yellow vertical Egr Yellow diagonal Ті Red Ews Yellow Efu ...Queenston Delta, Late Ordovician wedge of sediments that spread across an extensive area of northeastern North America and was thickest in New York and Quebec (the Late Ordovician Period occurred from 461 million to 444 million years ago). The Queenston Delta was produced as sediments that were eroded from a rising landmass in the present Appalachian Mountain region.Mar 29, 2023 · The Antler orogeny reconsidered and implications for late Paleozoic tectonics of western Laurentia Patricia H. Cashman Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA [email protected] [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-4617 Search for other works by this author on: Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Alleghenian and Ouachita orogenies were events in the final assembly of the supercontinent called, During Ordovician, extensive evaporite deposits were forming in the Michigan Basin., Tillite and glacial striations over large areas of Gondwana (South America, Africa, Australia) indicate continental glaciation during Late ...The Sonoma orogeny was a period of mountain building in western North America. The exact age and structure of the Sonoma orogeny is controversial. The orogeny is generally thought to have occurred during the Permian / Triassic transition, around 250 million years ago, following the Late Devonian Antler orogeny.The Sonoma orogeny was one of a sequence of accretionary …The Antler orogeny reconsidered and implications for late Paleozoic tectonics of western Laurentia. March 2023. Authors: Patricia H. Cashman. University of Nevada, Reno. Daniel Sturmer....The second example is Barrick's Cortez Hills deposit which was discovered by (Inaudible 38:01) in 2002 and went into production in 2010 producing ore from both open pit and underground. It is on the Cortez trend as opposed to the Carlin trend towards the south of that line of deposits. This is a view of the deposit looking to the Southwest ...orogeny term that describes the formation of mountain ranges, geoscientific term ... Antler Orogeny‎ (3 C, 1 F) Appalachian Orogeny‎ (2 C, 2 F) F. Flysch‎ (8 C, 1 P, 10 F) G. Grampian Orogeny‎ (3 C) Grenville Orogeny‎ (2 C, 5 F) L. Laramide Orogeny‎ (3 C, 90 F) Laxfordian Orogeny‎ (1 C, 4 F) M.The Antler orogeny was a volcanic island arc that was accreted onto western North America with the subduction direction away from North America. This created a mountain range on the west coast of North American called the Antler highlands and was the first part of building the land in the west that would eventually make most of California ...As used here, the term Antler orogeny signifies only re-gional uplift along the outer miogeocline; it does not imply folding and thrust faulting. Ironically, the tec-tonic event in the vicinity of Antler Peak that is cele-brated as the type occurrence of the Late Devon-ian–Early Mississippian Antler orogeny is probably of Middle Pennsylvanian ...Antler orogeny left an apparent structural division . that bisects the northern Basin and Range province . into two roughly symmetric sub-provinces (e.g., Eaton et al., 1978).Deformation events that cannot be attributed to either a narrowly de- fined, Late Devonian Antler orogeny or the. Permian–Triassic Sonoma orogeny have also been ...Antler Orogeny • first Cordilleran orogeny of the Paleozoic • partial closure of basin between Klamath island arc and Laurussia similar to Japan off of Asia • deepwater slope & rise sediments thrust eastward over shallow water carbonates Roberts Mountain Thrust (Nevada)Also, in most places, several Late Paleozoic structural events postdate the Antler orogeny and predate rocks of the “Antler overlap sequence” (e.g., McFarlane, 2001; Trexler et al., 2003). So, although Late Paleozoic structures in the region are commonly attributed to the Antler orogeny, their ages are poorly constrained and they may well …(Antler orogeny) 2.6 540 2,500 250 65 2.6 numbers are millions of years ago (Ma) Focus Topic in Bold When* Focus after the ice age 11,700 years -now Ice Age Intrigue 2.6 Ma -11,700 years How ice & liquid water shaped the land gap 40 -2.6 Ma Eocene Eccentricity ~60 -40 Ma Odd tectonics & igneous flare-upThe Sevier Orogeny is associated with east-vergent, mostly thin-skinned fold and thrust belts. Across Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, it is possible to see ...Antler Orogeny (Devonian) Today . Mesozoic Tectonics . A) The Triassic . B) The Jurassic . C) The Cretaceous (web notes 31) Mesozoic Tectonics . The separation of Gondwanna and Laurentia began in the Triassic. Initial flooding of the "Atlantic Ocean" began in the Jurassic.Precambrian. Passive margin. Cratonic, continental shelf deposits; Paleozoic. Antler Orogeny: Late Devonian - Early Mississippian (375 - 300 Ma). Poorly understood: involves subduction, accretion of one or more island arcs to the passive margin, and widespread folding and thrust faulting (Roberts Mountain Allochton thrust over passive margin)Antler growth places an enormous demand for mineral on the skeleton (sufficient mineral is needed to enable a 30-kg bone to grow in ∼3 months), and to meet this demand cyclical reversible osteoporosis occurs at other skeletal sites (Bubenik, 1983). This bone loss is greatest in non-weight-bearing bones such as the rib.Nevadan orogeny. The Nevadan orogeny occurred along the western margin of North America during the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time which is approximately from 155 Ma to 145 Ma. [1] Throughout the duration of this orogeny there were at least two different kinds of orogenic processes occurring. During the early stages of orogenesis an ...Antler Orogeny. The Iapetus ocean formed during Early Paleozoic as a response to the rifting of Pangea. False. What two orogenies during Late Paleozoic brought North America and Europe together as a combined land mass? Caledonian and Acadian. During Early Paleozoic, there were four large continents.-Antler Orogeny *Cali/Nevada *Collision of volcanic arcs-Cordillera subduction-Late Devonian: Glaciation near the South Pole. Mississippian Tectonic Summary ... -Subduction on the east coast of Laurentia forms the Taconic orogeny-Land collected near the S. Pole to form Gondwana-Appalachians form when the Iapetus finishes -Glaciation of Gondwana.with the Late Devonian-Mississippian Antler orogeny and emplacement of the Roberts Mountain allochthon in the western United States. New detrital zircon studies in the Pioneer Mountains, east-central Idaho, were conducted to investigate the stratigraphic evidence of this transition and test models for mid-Paleozoic tectonics and paleogeography.Pikaia. Called "Mother of Mass Extinctions" because of high percent of marine species loss. Late Permian. Millions of years required for Pangea to rift into all Mesozoic pieces. 150 my. The Golconda are collided with the west coast of North America thus causing the _____ Orogeny. Sonoma. Early Jurassic age clean, recycled, eolian sands.The Late Devonian was a time of continental plate convergence, with enhanced regional subduction-related arc volcanism and large-scale mountain building, such as the Antler orogeny in western Laurentia, the Ellesmerian orogeny in northern Laurentia, the Appalachian orogeny in eastern Laurentia, the Variscan orogeny in …Multi-chronometer Bayesian time-temperature inversions suggest: (a) Cooling between ∼1.90 and ∼1.80 Ga, likely related to Big Sky orogeny thermal effects; (b) Reheating between ∼1.80 Ga and ∼1.35 Ga consistent with Mesoproterozoic burial; (c) Cooling to ≤100°C between Mesoproterozoic and early Paleozoic time, likely reflecting ...PDF | On Aug 1, 1983, Hubert Gabrielse and others published Sonoma orogeny and Permian to Triassic tectonism in western North America | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGateOrogeny could have resulted from Carolina-Laurentia collision or, alternatively, from final collision of Gondwana against an already accreted Carolina terrane. Any collision scenario must account for the presence of Neoacadian and Alleghanian thrust and strike-slip faults across Southern Appalachia. These faults, perhaps more than anything else ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Alleghenian and Ouachita orogenies were events in the final assembly of the supercontinent called, During Ordovician, extensive evaporite deposits were forming in the Michigan Basin., Tillite and glacial striations over large areas of Gondwana (South America, Africa, Australia) indicate continental glaciation during Late ...The Antler orogeny occurred in the Mississippian passive margin of the sialic North American continent in Nevada and probably in Idaho (Speed and Sleep, 1982). Speed and Sleep (1982) proposed an Arc-continent collision model for the Antler orogeny. In their model they assume that The Roberts Mountain Allochthon formed as a result of the large ...Acadian orogeny, a mountain-building event that affected an area from present-day New York to Newfoundland during the Devonian Period (416 to 359.2 million years ago). Originally a depositional fore-arc basin formed from what was formerly known as the Appalachian Geosyncline; subsequent compressional orogenic activity caused the deposits to be folded as a mountain chain.Antler Orogeny. The Iapetus ocean formed during Early Paleozoic as a response to the rifting of Pangea. False. What two orogenies during Late Paleozoic brought North America and Europe together as a combined land mass? Caledonian and Acadian. During Early Paleozoic, there were four large continents.A lot of people assume that reindeer, just like Santa Claus, are make believe. But the antlered stars of Christmas stories such as Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer and the Santa Claus movie are real animals—that bring in real business. Rentin...The Antler orogeny took place during late middle Paleozoic time; thi, This study documents two upper Paleozoic tectonic u, In this image we see folded carbonates that were depos, These curves show distinct peaks in We suggest that events associated with the Antler , In contrast, the Eureka district is located east of the Roberts Mountain thrust front within the forelan, Question: What was the polarity of subdcution during the first, Antler Orogeny? Recall that subduction pola, The Antler Orogeny obducted deep-water clay shale onto shallow water carbon, Taconic Orogeny P Flag question b. Caledonian Orogeny c. Aca, Anadolu Üniversitesinin temelini, 1958’de kurulan Eskiş, North America - Prehistoric, Geology, Plate Tectonics: The int, a. nonmarine shales. b. marine shales and limestones. , with the Late Devonian–Mississippian Antler orogeny and emplacement o, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards contain, Answer: The orogenic events that occurred during the deve, , By ~350ma, we find sediments overlapping the Antler Orogeny, suggestin, true. Kettle lakes are formed when stranded blocks of, Paleozoic tectonic signal in the western U.S. was .