GUU - Val GCU - Ala GAU - Asp GGU - Gly GUC - Val GCC - Ala GAC - Asp GGC - Gly GUA - Val GCA - Ala GAA - Glu GGA - Gly GUG - Val GCG - Ala GAG - Glu GGG - Gly Inverse table of Standard Genetic Code This table shows the amino acid and the codons for each. The direction of the mRNA is 5' to 3' Ala GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Leu UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUGFeb 23, 2020 · Each three-letter sequence of mRNA nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid, or to a stop codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. AUG is the codon for methionine, and is also the start codon. What are mRNA codons? A mRNA codon is a 3 base pair long part of the mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid in the ribosomes of a cell. May 15, 2022 · 6.3: Genetic Code. The genetic code consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides. These triplets are called codons .With three exceptions, each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins. That produces some redundancy in the code: most of the amino acids being encoded by more than one codon. GAU ACTANTIC Aud AUG Methionine (start). 40. What is the starting codon? AVG. 41 ... Next, the binding of the amino acid, methionine carried by the first tRNA.Each codon on mRNA specified a particular amino acid to be added to the growing protein chain. In this example, the first four amino acids are designated as "AA1-AA2-AA3-AA4". The next codon on mRNA was "GUA." The complement to GUA is "CAU" which is the anticodon on a transfer RNA that carries the amino acid valine.Oct 24, 2011 ... Despite an evolutionary distance of at least 1.5 to 2.0 billion years, the deduced Gau proteins share some conserved amino acid signatures and ...Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated on January 26, 2019 This is a table of mRNA codons for the amino acids and a description of the properties of the genetic code. Genetic Code Properties There is no ambiguity in the genetic code. This means each triplet codes for only one amino acid.The full set of relationships between codons and amino acids is summarized as a Condon Chart or Table. One “ Start ” codon (AUG) marks the beginning of a protein. AUG encodes the amino acid, called Methionine. Three “ Stop ” codons mark the end of a protein and terminate the translation. 6. What is the issue with the amino acid sequence shown in question 4? 7. What is the issue with the amino acid sequence shown in question 5? 8. The mRNA sequence is read from 5' to 3' by the ribosome. What does 5' and 3' prime mean in terms of the mRNA structure? Hint: think of the sugar structure. 9. What are some key differences between RNA ... GUU - Val GCU - Ala GAU - Asp GGU - Gly GUC - Val GCC - Ala GAC - Asp GGC - Gly GUA - Val GCA - Ala GAA - Glu GGA - Gly GUG - Val GCG - Ala GAG - Glu GGG - Gly Inverse table of Standard Genetic Code This table shows the amino acid and the codons for each. The direction of the mRNA is 5' to 3' Ala GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Leu UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG Figure 2.3.3 2.3. 3: A codon table shows the amino acid specified by each codon. The codon AUG is the start signal for translation which places the amino acid, methionine (Met) at the beginning of each protein. Three codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, called stop codons, act as signals to terminate translation.The decoding site, or the ribosomal A-site, is the site where the codons form a short, double-stranded RNA helix with the anticodons on the ribosome. It is situated in the neck region between the head and the body of the ribosomal small subunit. It is partly composed of one region of the penultimate helix of the 16S RNA. In the genetic code, each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA sequence, known as a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid. The codon GAU corresponds to the amino acid …The row and column from steps 1 and 2 intersect in a set of boxes in the codon table, one half containing four codons and the other half containing the mapped amino acid (s). It’s often easiest to simply look at these four codons and see which one is the one you’re looking for.The standard version is given in the following tables, which show what amino acid each of the 4 3 = 64 possible codons specify (Table 1), and what codons specify each of the 20 amino acids involved in translation. For instance, GAU codes for the amino acid Asp (asparagine), and Cys (cysteine) is coded for by the codons UGU and UGC.The standard version is given in the following tables, which show what amino acid each of the 4 3 = 64 possible codons specify (Table 1), and what codons specify each of the 20 amino acids involved in translation. For instance, GAU codes for the amino acid Asp (asparagine), and Cys (cysteine) is coded for by the codons UGU and UGC. 5' AUG-UCU-GAU-UGG-UAC 3' a. Determine the DNA sequence from which this mRNA sequence was transcribed. b. Using the information in the table below, determine the amino acid sequence that is coded for by this mRNA sequence. U C A G First Base of mRN A Codon Second Base of mRNA Codon U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G Thir d Base of mRN A Codon Met ...Shakti Enterprise - Offering GAU PALAK BUFFALO GHEE, Jar at Rs 650/litre in Surat, Gujarat. Get Buffalo Ghee at lowest price | ID: 25395785748Line an 8x12 inch pan with aluminum foil, going up the sides. Sift the rice flour, brown sugar, white sugar, and baking soda into a large bowl. Make a well in the center and pour in the coconut milk, milk, and …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like One of the mRNA codons specifying the amino acid leucine is 5´-CUA-3´. Its corresponding anticodon is: a. 5´-GAT-3´. b. 3´-AUC-5´. c. 3´-GAU-5´. d. 3´-GAT-5´. e. 5´-GAU-3´., Which of the following is a characteristic of uracil? a. The ability to bond with adenine. b. The ability to bond with guanine. c. It is a purine ... There are in total 64 codons . Out of these, 61 codons code for amino acids whereas 3 codons donot code for any amino acid. These three codons UAA, UAG and UGA are termed as stop codons as when these are read by the ribosomes no amino acid is incorporated. Rather the protein synthesis terminates.Samples were collected by the first author from the Botanical Garden of GAU, Jamnagar, in April 2018. ... and amino acids . Table 3: Qualitative phytochemical parameters outer portion of the stem of Ficus religiosa Linn. High-performance thin-layer chromatography study. The methanol extract of the outer portion of the stem was shown …Question: Use the codon table to determine which mRNA triplets code for the amino acid cysteine, Cys. Second mRNA base UAU UGU Cys UCU UUA UCA UAA Stop UGA Stop UUGL) UCG UAG Stop UGG Trp His CGU- CCC Pro CAC (H) cGC CUA(L) (L CCA P) CAA Gln C CGA (R) CCG (Q) CGG AUU AUC AUA ACU AGU Ser AAU Asn AAC N) AGC (S) Ile ACA (T) AAA ys (K) AGA AGG」(R) LGUU GAU GGU (D) GGCB. The distance between A and B is greater than 40 map units. C. The recombination frequency between A and B is 80%. D. The distance between A and B is 80cM. B. The distance between A and B is greater than 40 map units. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like While the introduction of the mutant synthetase gene restored ...The antitumor activity of natural flavonoids has been exhaustively reported. Previously it has been demonstrated that prenylation of flavonoids allows the discovery of new compounds with improved antitumor activity through the activation of caspase-7 activity. The synthesis of twenty-five flavonoids (4–28) with one or more alkyl side chains was carried out. The …The translation to protein is a bit more complex because three mRNA nucleotides correspond to one amino acid in the polypeptide sequence. However, the translation to protein is still systematic and colinear, such that nucleotides 1 to 3 correspond to amino acid 1, nucleotides 4 to 6 correspond to amino acid 2, and so on.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like DNA triplet, mRNA codon, tRNA anticodon, Amino Acid, DNA triplet, mRNA codon, tRNA anticodon, Amino Acid, DNA triplet, mRNA codon, tRNA anticodon, Amino Acid and more. The table below shows the base triplets that code for two amino acids. Amino acid - Encoding base triplet Aspartic acid - GAC, GAU Proline - CCA, CCG, CCC, CCU (d) Aspartic acid and proline are both amino acids. Describe how two amino acids differ from one another. You may use a diagram to help your description.The two functional groups always found in amino acids are carboxyl and amino groups. Both groups are acidic. A peptide bond occurs when the carboxyl group of one amino acid joins the amino end of another.Using the information in the table, determine the first four amino acids coded for in each of the following situations. Be sure to label each situation. Situation 1: A mutation in the DNA sequence from part (a) changes the sixth base (read left to right) to cytosine (C).Situation 2: A mutation in the DNA sequence from part (a) deletes the sixth base.Amino acids: Symbols: Codons: Alanine: Ala: A: GCA, GCC, GCG, GCU: Cysteine: Cys: C: UGC, UGU: Aspartic acid: Asp: D: GAC, GAU: Glutamic acid: Glu: E: GAA, GAG ... Part 1 “Amino Acid / codon Wheel” Instructions: The “ Wheel ” at the right shows you how to determine which amino acid goes with which m-RNA codon sequence. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward. 1. Identify the amino acids what will be produced from the following m-RNAs codon: a. AAC _____ b.Acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta (ACACB) is a functional candidate gene that impacts fat deposition. In the present study, we sequenced exon 37–intron 37, exon …Final answer. Transcribed image text: Consider the amino acid sequence. Serine-Alanine-Proline-Aspartic acid Use the codon table to answer the question. Identify the mRNA codon sequences that would be translated into this amino acid sequence. UCC-GCU-CCC-GAC CCG-GCA-UCU-GAC UCG-GCG-CCU-GAU UCG-GUA-CCG-AAU UCU-GCA-CCG-GAC. Give a possible gene sequence for the following amino acid sequence; Include 1) the promoter (TATA box) 2) 5’ and 3’ UTR 3) the orientation of the strands and 4) the DNA template strand.Q .1Ans 2 & 3 Point mutation - In the position of fifth amino acid codon AAG first 'A' is substituted by 'U' ,and changed to UAG - which is a stop codon . Thus stopped protein synthesis. 4 & 5 Frameshift insertion - 'A' inserted between 12 th and 13 …View the full answer Aug 2, 2023 · The amino acid sequence would remain the same as before: Threonine-Arginine-Threonine-Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid-Isoleucine-Valine-Valine-Arginine. This is a silent mutation, where the change in nucleotide does not affect the amino acid sequence. In this case, the original and mutated codons both code for the same amino acid. Figure 2.3.3 2.3. 3: A codon table shows the amino acid specified by each codon. The codon AUG is the start signal for translation which places the amino acid, methionine (Met) at the beginning of each protein. Three codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, called stop codons, act as signals to terminate translation.In the genetic code, each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA sequence, known as a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid. The codon GAU corresponds to the amino acid Aspartate. So, the correct answer is: e. Aspartate. For further reference, you can check the genetic code table which provides the mRNA codons and their corresponding amino ...CTU. CUU. b. A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5'-UGC-GCA-3' (mRNA). The charged transfer RNA molecules shown in the figure below (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form: tRNA Anticodon |Amino Acid.AUG GAG GUC UUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG; Translate your mutated sequence. (2 points) Align the amino acid sequences that you determined for each of the four transcripts. (Line 1 comes from question 1, 2 from question 3, 3 from question 5, 4 from question 7) (4 points)Home Resources Calculators and Tools | Data Analysis Amino Acid Structures, Codes and Reference Information Amino acid structures and peptide bond formation depictions. Amino acid single-letter and three-letter codes and molecular weights. Amino Acid Structures. Amino Acid Abbreviations and Molecular Weights. 5' AUG-UCU-GAU-UGG-UAC 3' a. Determine the DNA sequence from which this mRNA sequence was transcribed. b. Using the information in the table below, determine the amino acid sequence that is coded for by this mRNA sequence. U C A G First Base of mRN A Codon Second Base of mRNA Codon U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G Thir d Base of mRN A Codon Met ...GUC as an aspartic acid anticodon reads the codons GAC and GAU in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hani and Feldmann, 1998, Percudani et al., 1997) and in E. coli ( ...Moreover, we found that MtArt + I + G + F was the best-fit model for amino acid analyses under the AIC using ProtTest v3.4 [36]. Ten million iterations of the …A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAU codon. Synonyms aspartic acid tRNA, GAT codon-amino acid adaptor activity View GO Annotations in other species in AmiGO. Ontology Diagram. Reset. Click on a go term to go to its specific page within SGD; drag any of the go term objects around within the visualization for easier ...You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer. Question: Biochemistry HW Problem #1: Part A-F Part A: For which amino acid does the codon GUU encode? Part B: What amino acid sequence is encoded by the codon sequence AACUUUCCCAUAAUA? Part C: Biochemistry HW Problem #1: Part A-F.The expected frequency of the amino acid can then be calculated by adding the frequencies of each codon that codes for that amino acid. As an example, the RNA codons for tyrosine are UAU and UAC, so the random expectation for its frequency is (0.220)(0.303)(0.220) + (0.220)(0.303)(0.217) = 0.0292. Amino acids: Symbols: Codons: Alanine: Ala: A: GCA, GCC, GCG, GCU: Cysteine: Cys: C: UGC, UGU: Aspartic acid: Asp: D: GAC, GAU: Glutamic acid: Glu: E: GAA, GAG ... 1.5 pts > Question 13 Examine the genetic code table shown below. The codon CAU codes for the amino acid des uc UUA UCU DOC DO vod DOU DOC louw Couc lous ende auc AU TO CAC |6u OD 000 1999 1998 1999 7419 NOU AOC NOU MDC ADA AN ACO GOU DOC 000 AAC NA GAU DAC lam ON DOU OOC OL Gud 000 @ Isoleucing histidine O glutamine leucine > Question 14 1.5 pts Alleles are described as 80 Question 14 1.5 pts ...Amino Acid: Mutations . Mutation •Mutation –any change in the sequence of DNA •Mutagen –any agent causing a mutation to ... AUG GAU Amino Acid: MET – ... Question: 41. Suppose that you are given a polypeptide sequence containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given in the table below to determine the DNA sequence that codes for this polypeptide sequence. mRNA UAU, UAC CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG GAU ...If you understand how to read the genetic code, you should be able to: (1) Identify the codons in Figure 16.4 and decided whether they are translated correctly. (2) Write and mRNA that codes for the amino acid sequence Ala-Asn-Asp-Phe-Gln but is different from the one given in Figure 16.7a. Indicate the 5' -> 3' polarity of the mRNA.The combination of amino acids in raw food materials and sodium in salt will form sodium amino acids with a strong umami taste; this phenomenon indicates that salt soaking can impart a better flavor and taste to beef liver to a certain extent and improve the edible and processing properties of beef liver. ... (GAU-KYQD-2018-10), National Key …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Use the table to sort the following ten codons into one of the three bins, according to whether they code for a start codon, an in-sequence amino acid, or a stop codon., During translation, nucleotide base triplets (codons) in mRNA are read in sequence in the 5' → 3' direction along the mRNA. Amino acids are specified by the ...5’ GUA UGG GAU CGC AAU 3’ 2. a) Translate this mRNA. Give the 3 letter codes for the amino acids. (1 mark) b) Indicate on the peptide which is the C-terminus and which is …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 6.1 Most genes encode proteins. What exactly is a protein, structurally speaking? List some of the functions of proteins., 6.2 In each of the following cases stating how a certain protein is treated, indicate what levels of protein structure would change as the result of the treatment: a) Hemoglobin is stored in a hot incubator ... Jul 11, 2018 ... (C) Demonstration that tS*-F(GAA) and tS*-I(GAU) are conditionally toxic in a PGAL-MET22 strain due to misincorporation at Phe and Ile codons ...Using the Genetic Code table shown below, what amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' GUA-AAG-UAC-GGC 3'. Using the Genetic Code table shown below, what amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' GUA-AAG-UAC-GGC 3'. Show transcribed image text.aminolookup displays a table of amino acid codes, integers, abbreviations, names, and codons. ... aminolookup( SeqAA ) converts between single-letter codes and ...Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; [4] the ionic form is known as aspartate ), is an α- amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. [5] The L -isomer of aspartic acid is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. D-aspartic acid is one of two D -amino acids commonly found in mammals. Which amino acid is encoded by AUG in the mRNA? amino acid methionine Note also that the codon for the amino acid methionine (AUG) acts as the start signal for protein …What is the amino acid sequence from the following mRNA sequence. 5' AUG GAG GUC UUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG 3'? For the Following Amino Acid sequences: Proline Methionine Lysine Glutamine Serine Tyrosine Aspartic acid Glycine Methionine Cysteine 1. Using the handout, write possible mRNA codon sequence. 2.The Genetic Code Demystified. The genetic code describes how the nucleotide sequence of a gene is translated into an amino acid sequence. RNA acts as a middleman …Each of thes Amino Acids are coded for by more than one codon. Thus to capture the pattern at the DNA/RNA level you need to match either of GAU,GAC followed by ...5' AUG-UCU-GAU-UGG-UAC 3' a. Determine the DNA sequence from which this mRNA sequence was transcribed. b. Using the information in the table below, determine the amino acid sequence that is coded for by this mRNA sequence. U C A G First Base of mRN A Codon Second Base of mRNA Codon U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G Thir d Base of mRN A Codon Met ...1.5 pts > Question 13 Examine the genetic code table shown below. The codon CAU codes for the amino acid des uc UUA UCU DOC DO vod DOU DOC louw Couc lous ende auc AU TO CAC |6u OD 000 1999 1998 1999 7419 NOU AOC NOU MDC ADA AN ACO GOU DOC 000 AAC NA GAU DAC lam ON DOU OOC OL Gud 000 @ Isoleucing histidine O glutamine leucine > Question 14 1.5 pts Alleles are described as 80 Question 14 1.5 pts ...Jan 26, 2019 · Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated on January 26, 2019 This is a table of mRNA codons for the amino acids and a description of the properties of the genetic code. Genetic Code Properties There is no ambiguity in the genetic code. This means each triplet codes for only one amino acid. There are in total 64 codons . Out of these, 61 codons code for amino acids whereas 3 codons donot code for any amino acid. These three codons UAA, UAG and UGA are termed as stop codons as when these are read by the ribosomes no amino acid is incorporated. Rather the protein synthesis terminates.Determine the amino acid sequence encoded in the following mRNA sequence: mRNA codons: AUG GGC GGU GUA AUC; Given the mRNA transcript below, write the complementary tRNA sequences. 5' CCA AUG GAG CAC UUA GAU CUU UAA CCC AAA 3' Determine the amino acid sequence encoded in the following mRNA sequence: mRNA codons: AUG GGU GUA AUC GGC.a.) 5' - cuu gau acu uag - 3' b.) 5' - uau gcc cua cga - 3' c.) 5' - auc cag uaa aag - 3' d.) 5' - guc uga cac cgg - 3' A.) 5' - CGA - 3' Which template strand DNA sequence would result in the amino acid (Ser)?Using the information in the table, determine the first four amino acids coded for in each of the following situations. Be sure to label each situation. Situation 1: A mutation in the DNA sequence from part (a) changes the sixth base (read left to right) to cytosine (C).Situation 2: A mutation in the DNA sequence from part (a) deletes the sixth base.In a comparison study of large-scale protein sequencing methods using multiple proteases, the Asp-N digestion of complex protein mixtures generated peptides of optimal length that are favorable for electron-based fragmentation detection methods, i.e. electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) [14,15]. GAU (Asp/D) Aspartic acid. GAC (Asp/D) Aspartic acid GGU (Gly/G) Glycine. GGC (Gly/G) Glycine GUA (Val/V) Valine. GUG (Val/V) Valine GCA (Ala/A) Alanine. GCG (Ala/A) Alanine GAA (Glu/E) Glutamic acid. GAG (Glu/E) Glutamic acid GGA (Gly/G) Glycine. GGG (Gly/G) GlycineHow many different mRNA codes correspond to Threonine? Which amino acids have ONLY ONE codon? Tell the amino acid sequence for the following mRNA message: MRNA ...The expected frequency of the amino acid can then be calculated by adding the frequencies of each codon that codes for that amino acid. As an example, the RNA codons for tyrosine are UAU and UAC, so the random expectation for its frequency is (0.220)(0.303)(0.220) + (0.220)(0.303)(0.217) = 0.0292.Amino acids: Symbols: Codons: Alanine: Ala: A: GCA, GCC, GCG, GCU: Cysteine: Cys: C: UGC, UGU: Aspartic acid: Asp: D: GAC, GAU: Glutamic acid: Glu: E: GAA, GAG: Phenylalanine: Phe: F: UUC, UUU: Glycine: Gly: G: GGA, GGC, GGG, GGU: Histidine: His: H: CAC, CAU: Isoleucine: Ile: I: AUA, AUC, AUU: Lysine: Lys: K: AAA, AAG: Leucine: Leu: L: UUA, UUG ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 6.1 Most genes encode proteins. What exactly is a protein, structurally speaking? List some of the functions of proteins., 6.2 In each of the following cases stating how a certain protein is treated, indicate what levels of protein structure would change as the result of the treatment: a) Hemoglobin is stored in a hot incubator ...This table shows the 64 codons and the amino acid each codon codes for. 2nd base : U. C. A. G : 1st base. U. UUU Phenylalanine UUC Phenylalanine UUA Leucine UUG Leucine: UCU Serine UCC Serine UCA Serine UCG Serine: UAU Tyrosine UAC Tyrosine UAA Ochre (Stop) UAG Amber (Stop) UGU Cysteine UGC Cysteine UGA Opal (Stop) UGG Tryptophan : C. CUU ...Amino acids: Symbols: Codons: Alanine: Ala: A: GCA, GCC, GCG, GCU: Cysteine: Cys: C: UGC, UGU: Aspartic acid: Asp: D: GAC, GAU: Glutamic acid: Glu: E: GAA, GAG: Phenylalanine: Phe: F: UUC, UUU: Glycine: Gly: G: GGA, GGC, GGG, GGU: Histidine: His: H: CAC, CAU: Isoleucine: Ile: I: AUA, AUC, AUU: Lysine: Lys: K: AAA, AAG: Leucine: Leu: L: UUA, UUG ...List of genetic codes Notes ^ Each stop codon has a specific name: UAG is amber, UGA is opal or umber, and UAA is ochre. [7] In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively. Feb 2, 2018 · The complement to GUA is "CAU&qu, The codon AUG specifies the amino acid methionine. What would the tRNA an, AMINO ACID FREQUENCY . Introduction: Genetic information contained in mRNA is in the form of codo, Aug 2, 2023 · The amino acid sequence would remain the same as before: Threonine-Arginine-Threonine-Aspartic ac, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms, , This table shows the 64 codons and the amino acid each codon codes for. 2nd base : U. C. A. G : , Expert Answer. Step 1. Answer 1. The codon GAU codes for the , AUG GAG GUC UUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG, Codon-Amino Acid Abbreviations. Codon. Full Name. , Moreover, we found that MtArt + I + G + F was the best-fi, Identification of alkaloids, steroids, and amino acids, Answer to Solved Pls help! In python# Dictionary of Nucleotides to, Final answer. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation that cha, The codon GAU codes for the amino acid aspartic acid (abbreviated, Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid. Amino acids , This table shows the 64 codons and the amino acid , Study tool for chap 9. Suppose that you are given a .