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Ruinous soul terraria - Abandoned Bronze Wall. Aeroplate Wall. Lumenyl is

In this video, I'll be teaching you how to get each of the 6 souls in

Phantoplasm is a Godseeker Mode crafting material dropped by Phantom Spirits, Overloaded Soldiers, Phantom Debris, and Minnows Primes . It is mostly used to craft post-Devourer of Gods items, as well as Bloodstone Cores and Ascendant Spirit Essences. Phantoplasm can also be placed. 1-5 Phantoplasm can be obtained from Dungeon …Halley's Inferno is a craftable post-Moon Lord flamethrower that uses gel as ammunition. It shoots a light blue comet that pierces enemies three times and inflicts the Nightwither debuff. There is a 50% chance for gel not to be consumed when fired. Pressing right-click while holding this weapon will allow the player to zoom out a large distance.The Tortured Soul is an uncommon Hardmode enemy found in The Underworld. If the player throws Purification Powder on him, he will transform into the Tax Collector NPC. Afterwards, the Tortured Soul will no longer spawn. If the Tax Collector is killed, he will respawn naturally without the need to purify another Tortured Soul. Only one Tortured Soul can be alive at a time. He is one of the few ...1.1.5.0947: Resprited. 1.1.4.41: Introduced. The Stormlion Mandible is a Pre-Hardmode crafting material that drops from Stormlions in the Desert. It is used in the crafting of multiple items, including the Desert Medallion which is used to summon the Desert Scourge.The Necroplasmic Beacon is a craftable post- Moon Lord item used to summon the Polterghast boss in the Dungeon. It is not consumed upon use; therefore, it can be used as many times as the player desires. Note that, if the Polterghast has not been defeated yet, the boss can also be summoned by slaying 30 Phantom Spirits in the Dungeon.Lumenyl is a Hardmode crafting material that grows on blocks or is dropped by the enemies in the Abyss after Calamitas has been defeated. It is used in crafting many aquatic items, typically in conjunction with Depth Cells and Tenebris. Similarly to Crystal Shards, they can also be placed on blocks and walls. The following table displays the chances and quantities that each enemy will drop ... Dropped by. Entity. Quantity. Rate. Storm Weaver. 5-7 / 6-9. 100%. Armored Shells are post- Moon Lord crafting materials that drop from the Storm Weaver. They can be used to craft the Cosmic Worm, which is used to summon The Devourer of Gods, along with several weapons and Prismatic armor set.The Venusian Trident is a craftable Godseeker Mode wand that is an upgraded version of the Inferno Fork. It shoots out a fiery trident which erupts into a giant explosion with a radius slightly larger than Explosives upon impacting any tile or enemy. Each explosion emits four to nine cinders which fall to the floor and deal contact damage. The explosion lingers for about 2 seconds and inflicts ...Blood Samples are Pre-Hardmode crafting materials dropped by The Perforators. It is used in crafting the items dropped by The Perforators, and also used in crafting the Carnage Ray and the Bloody Worm Food. It is the Crimson counterpart to the Rotten Matter.The Odd Mushroom is a Hardmode consumable item rarely found growing on Dirt, Grass, or Stone Blocks. Consuming it grants the Trippy buff for one hour, which gives every enemy and projectile on-screen a hallucination effect similar that of Expert Mode Brain of Cthulhu, as well as giving enemies and projectiles a rainbow hue that constantly cycles. It also places a wavy Heat Distortion effect ...Souls are crafting materials that are used to craft high-end equipment in hardmode.  Souls are dropped by hardmode bosses and3 50 Item (Quantity) Rate Ruinous Soul (7-15 / 10-20 ) 100% Polterplasm (30-40 / 40-50 ) 100% At least one of the following 7 weapons will always drop: Banshee Hook 25% / 33.33% Daemon's FlameWeapons are useful items used for combat against enemies, bosses, and even other players during PvP games. Most weapons are crafted at any crafting Station, while others can only be found in Chests, as enemy/boss drops, or purchased from NPCs. The Calamity Mod adds a number of weapons for players to use. Many are upgrades to existing weapons and others are wholly unique. Despite being very ...The Dragonfruit is a craftable post-Moon Lord permanent power-up item that increases the player's maximum life, as an extension to Life Fruits. There are 3 other items that function identically to this: the Blood Orange, the Miracle Fruit, and the Elderberry. It is the last of these to be obtainable following boss progression. It can only be used once, and after that the player must use one of ... The Cat License is a consumable item that can be purchased from the Zoologist for 5. Using it allows a Town Cat to move into town the next morning. Using it again exchanges your current Town Cat for another variant. Upon use, the status message "The license teleports away to the cat delivery service..." is displayed. Upon second use, the status message "Pet Exchange: Successful!" is displayed ...The Terraria world will convert to Hardmode after you defeat the Wall of Flesh boss. The bat spits out a bouncing globule of blood at the cost of 4 life. The Soul Link is a tool that can be purchased from the Confused Zombie. Ruinous Souls are post-Moon Lord crafting materials that drop from the Polterghast.Behavior. The Devourer of Gods at its core is a worm enemy, featuring a head trailed by body segments and ending with a tail, flying through the air and digging through blocks.The Devourer of Gods' body segments sport very high Damage Reduction (DR), however its head and tail segments do not and will even take increased damage, rendering them the primary targets for dealing damage.Radiator. Skyfin. 1-3. 50%. Sulphuric Scales are Pre-Hardmode crafting materials that drop from various enemies in the Acid Rain event after the Eye of Cthulhu has been defeated. They are used to craft several weapons themed around the Acid Rain, as well as the Sulphurous armor .Infected Armor Plating is a Hardmode crafting material that drops from The Plaguebringer Goliath. Similarly to Plague Cell Canisters, they are used to craft Plague-themed items such as Plaguebringer armor. However, it is also used for other items, such as the Exalted Oathblade and the third tier of weapons from Draedon's Arsenal.The Alchemical Flask is a craftable Hardmode accessory. When equipped, the player is inflicted with the Plague debuff, but their damage is increased by 2%. There is little reason to use this item, as the constant health loss generally outweighs the damage boost given. However, with immunity to the Plague debuff, the damage boost can prove valuable for faster weapons."The ground is glittering with cyan light." Aerialite Ore is a Pre-Hardmode ore which generates anywhere in the Floating Islands upon defeating The Hive Mind or The Perforators. It is used to craft Aerialite Bars at a Furnace. It requires at least a Nightmare Pickaxe or a Deathbringer Pickaxe to mine. It is also dropped by Aero Slimes. Aerialite Ore can be destroyed by explosives after the ...Acidwood is a Pre-Hardmode block obtained by cutting down Acidwood Trees in the Sulphurous Sea biome. It is used to craft several weapons themed around the Acid Rain, as well as the Sulphurous armor. Acidwood can also be found in Abyssal Crates obtained by fishing in Sulphurous Sea biome. Acidwood is considered to be a part of the Any Wood recipe group, and therefore can also be used in ...These history sections are still a work-in-progress, and may not yet contain changes relevant to the current version of the Calamity Mod. 1.4.4.001: Resprited. 1.4.2.102: Decreased sell price from 1 50 to 1 30 . 1.4.2.002: Now uses the rarity instead of . 1.1.7.851: Fixed the entire sprite sheet showing.1.1.5.0947: Resprited. 1.1.4.41: Introduced. The Stormlion Mandible is a Pre-Hardmode crafting material that drops from Stormlions in the Desert. It is used in the crafting of multiple items, including the Desert Medallion which is used to summon the Desert Scourge.Permanent power-ups. Permanently increases maximum mana by 20. (Multiple can be used, until the limit of 200 mana has been reached, the same as Mana Crystals ) Permanently increases the Rage Mode duration by one second. Exclusive to Revengeance Mode and Death Mode . Permanently increases the Rage Mode duration by one second.Soul Of Entity (x5) @ Z-Table. 2 - Hardmode: Shadow Eye: 10% increased ki damage and +8% ki crit chance while in the Corruption Your ki attacks have a chance to fire twice All enemies on your screen take damage The damage and the chance increase the closer the enemy is 10% (12.5% Expert Mode) drop from The Hive Mind: 1 - Pre-Hardmode: Soul of ...Death + Soul + Polterghast = Ruinous Soul 842. Ancient Manipulator + Sniper Scope + Exodium Cluster + Ruinous Soul = Halley's Inferno 843. ... 1949. Cursed Flames + Mythril Anvil + Plague Cell Canister + Death Sickle (Terraria) = Soul Harvester (Calamity) 1950. Endothermic Energy + Draedon's Forge + Shadowspec Bar + Essence Flayer + Dark Plasma ...Char Matter. Derelict Brick. Contusion Fish. Vehement Prayer. Astralination. Astral Communicator. Embers of Duality. The Calamity Mod adds several crafting materials to the base game. This is a comprehensive list of all items that are exclusively crafting materials, i.e. the sole purpose of every item in this list is crafting.Dropped by. Entity. Quantity. Rate. Sir Violet. 8-12. 100%. The Magic Fragment is a Post- Moon Lord material dropped from Sir Violet . It is used to make Soul Knight themed endgame weapons.Pearl Shards are a Pre-Hardmode crafting material that are dropped by the Desert Scourge. They are used to craft Victide Bars and other early-game items, but can also combine with boss trophies to create Lore items. Pearl Shards used to be called Victory Shards, which was a reference to Victory Pieces from the Exxo Avalon mod.Permanent power-ups. Permanently increases maximum mana by 20. (Multiple can be used, until the limit of 200 mana has been reached, the same as Mana Crystals ) Permanently increases the Rage Mode duration by one second. Exclusive to Revengeance Mode and Death Mode . Permanently increases the Rage Mode duration by one second.Blood Samples are Pre-Hardmode crafting materials dropped by The Perforators. It is used in crafting the items dropped by The Perforators, and also used in crafting the Carnage Ray and the Bloody Worm Food. It is the Crimson counterpart to the Rotten Matter.Ruinous Soul (3) Omega Blue Helmet: Reaper Tooth (8) Depth Cells (12) Ruinous Soul; Omega Blue Tentacles: Reaper Tooth (10) Depth Cells (15) Ruinous Soul (2) Onyx Chain Blaster: Onyx Blaster; Chain Gun; Luminite Bar (5) Otherworldly Bathtub: Otherworldly Stone (14) Otherworldly Bed: Otherworldly Stone (15) Silk (5) Otherworldly Bookcase ...The Tortured Soul is a rare enemy found in The Underworld, during Hardmode. Throwing Purification Powder on it causes it to turn into the Tax Collector. It isn't a good idea to kill it unless you don't want one. It is not recommended to have minions active while looking for a Tortured Soul, since the minions will attack him and probably kill him before he can be …The Blood Orange is a craftable Hardmode permanent power-up item that increases the player's maximum life, as an extension to Life Fruits. There are 3 other items that function identically to this: the Miracle Fruit, the Elderberry, and the Dragonfruit. It is the first of these to be obtainable following boss progression. It can only be used once, and after that the player must use one of the ...Not to be confused with the Giant Squid, an enemy that spawns in the 2nd and 3rd layers of the Abyss. The Colossal Squid is a mini boss that spawns in the 3rd and 4th layers of the Abyss biome. Once the player gets too close or hits it, it attempts to kill the player by ramming them and firing damaging ink bombs, which burst into hovering ink clouds. It also has the ability to latch onto the ...Life Alloys are Hardmode crafting materials crafted with Cryonic, Perennial, and Scoria Bars, additionally being dropped from Necromantic Geodes at a 50% chance. They are primarily used in the crafting of many powerful upgrades. Additionally, they are used in the crafting of multiple Elemental items, and one of the components of Miracle Matter. For a full crafting tree, see here. Life Alloys ...In this video, I'll be teaching you how to get each of the 6 souls in Terraria.~... Hey everyone! It's been a while since I've uploaded but I'm glad to be back. In this video, I'll be teaching you ... Entity. Quantity. Rate. Astrum Aureus. 20-40 / 35-50. 100%. Souls of Bright are Hardmode crafting materials dropped by Astrum Aureus. They are used to craft various space themed items. When dropped, the item will float, glow, and emit faint turquoise dust.The Cat is a town pet. It arrives at dawn (4:30 AM) the day after the player uses the Cat License, which is purchased from the Zoologist for 5. The Cat does not count towards the NPCs' "crowded" limit and hence will not affect NPC happiness, although it does count as a regular town NPC for the purpose of the Pylon network. There are six breeds of Cat, with …Dodu's Handcannon is a craftable Godseeker Mode gun. It fires high velocity peanut shells, regardless of the used bullet. The peanut shells explode on impact with enemies or blocks. Its best modifier is Unreal. The "power of the nut" mentioned in the weapon's tooltip and the weapon's ability to shoot peanuts is a reference to the donor's identifying character, who is a peanut.The Aureus Cell is a Hardmode potion dropped by Astrum Aureus. When consumed, it restores the player for 200 mana, inflicting the Mana Sickness debuff, and granting Mana Regeneration and Magic Power buffs for 6 minutes. It is additionally used as a crafting material for several items. Aureus Cells may also be obtained from Astral Crates after …Dropped by. Entity. Quantity. Rate. Ceaseless Void. 5-7 / 6-9. 100%. Dark Plasma is a post- Moon Lord crafting material that drops from the Ceaseless Void. It can be used to craft the Cosmic Worm used to summon The Devourer of Gods, along with …3 50 Item (Quantity) Rate Ruinous Soul (7-15 / 10-20 ) 100% Polterplasm (30-40 / 40-50 ) 100% At least one of the following 7 weapons will always drop: Banshee Hook 25% / 33.33% Daemon's Flame Fantasy. Sci-fi. The Arid Artifact is a craftable Hardmode item that, when used, will summon a Sandstorm shortly after. When used during a Sandstorm, it will disable the event. It can not be used until the Desert Scourge is defeated.Dropped by. Entity. Quantity. Rate. Atlas. 1. 100%. The Titan Heart is a Hardmode crafting material that drops from Atlases. It is used to craft Titan Heart armor and summon the Astrum Deus boss when interacting (right-click) with the Astral Beacon .The Phantasmal Ruin is a craftable Godseeker Mode non-consumable javelin. It is the upgrade of the Luminous Striker and the final upgrade to the Spear of Paleolith. It automatically throws a gravity-ignoring spear that leave trails of floating lost souls.Pearl Shards are a Pre-Hardmode crafting material that are dropped by the Desert Scourge. They are used to craft Victide Bars and other early-game items, but can also combine with boss trophies to create Lore items. Pearl Shards used to be called Victory Shards, which was a reference to Victory Pieces from the Exxo Avalon mod.1 Types 2 Notes 3 Tips 4 Trivia 5 History Types Notes For the Souls of Light and Night, note that only the biome (cavern layer Underground Corruption / Crimson or Hallow) determines what soul will be dropped, not the enemy.The Crescent Moon is a craftable Godseeker Mode flail that auto-swings. The flail passes through tiles. When swung, it leaves behind homing crescent moons that deal 40% of the weapon's base damage. It behaves similarly to the Solar Eruption. Its best modifier is Godly. It cannot get modifiers that affect size. Ruthless might be preferred if the player already has 100% critical strike chance ...The Scarlet Devil is a craftable post-Moon Lord developer javelin. It fires an extremely-high velocity spear that leaves behind projectiles as it travels. The projectiles are not affected by gravity and home in on nearby enemies slightly after being spawned. Upon contact with an enemy, the spear creates a Scarlet Blast which rapidly damages any enemy caught in its blast radius. The spear and ...Text under CC-BY-SA licenseThe names and colors of Calamitas' music boxes are in reference to DM DOKURO's video for her theme. The Boss Rush Tier 4 Music Box is based on the Calamity Title Theme Music Box, and the Tier 5 Music Box is based on a former sprite for the Abyss Layer 3 Music Box. There is an unused Music Box sprite for a Planetoid Music Box in the mod's files.痛苦亡魂是一种稀有的敌怪,生成于困难模式的地狱。如果你向他抛撒树妖出售的净化粉,他会变成税收官NPC。同时只会有一个痛苦亡魂,不会出现同时有两个痛苦亡魂的情况,税收官被生成后不会再出现痛苦亡魂。如果税收官被杀了,那么无需再净化另一个痛苦亡魂,税收官会自然生成复活。 他 ...1K votes, 288 comments. 1.2M subscribers in the Terraria community. Dig, fight, explore, build! ... More importantly, bloodstone corres, in conjunction with ruinous souls from polterghast, make one of the best armor sets in the game to fight DoG with. I found bloodflare armor especially good for melee, I'm not sure how useful it is for other ...Neptune's Bounty is a craftable Godseeker Mode broadsword that autoswings. It is a direct upgrade to the Abyss Blade and the final upgrade to the Depth Crusher. When swung, it fires a small trident that pierces infinitely and regularly rains more small tridents under itself as it travels. The small spawned tridents deal 50% of the weapon's damage, home in on …The Tortured Soul is an uncommon Hardmode enemy found in The Underworld. If the player throws Purification Powder on him, he will transform into the Tax Collector NPC. Afterwards, the Tortured Soul will no longer spawn. If the Tax Collector is killed, he will respawn naturally without the need to purify another Tortured Soul. Only one Tortured Soul can be alive at a time. He is one of the few ...Phantoplasm is a Godseeker Mode crafting material dropped by Phantom Spirits, Overloaded Soldiers, Phantom Debris, and Minnows Primes . It is mostly used to craft post-Devourer of Gods items, as well as Bloodstone Cores and Ascendant Spirit Essences. Phantoplasm can also be placed. 1-5 Phantoplasm can be obtained from Dungeon Crates at a 10% chance once Polterghast has been defeated ... Souls are Hardmode crafting materials dropped by enemies. There are a total of (Desktop, Console and Mobile versions) 6 / (Old-gen console and 3DS versions) 7 types of souls. The most common ones are the Souls of Light and Night, which are dropped in the Cavern layer of Underground Hallow and Underground Corruption/Crimson, respectively. For detailed info about the condition of enemies ...Aerialite Ore is a Pre-Hardmode ore which generates as Disenchanted Aerialite Ore on Floating Islands upon world generation. Upon defeating The Hive Mind or The Perforators, the ore loses its disenchantment and its pickaxe requirement drops to Pre-Hardmode standards. It is used to craft Aerialite Bars at a Furnace.Nightmare Fuel is a Don't Starve reference. Essences. Nightmare Fuel can also be placed. "Nightmare fuel" is an informal term used to refer to highly disturbing content. The item is a reference to the item of the same name from the game Don't Starve, which is obtained from insanity based creatures. Its tooltip, "May drain your sanity," is a ...Dropped by. Entity. Quantity. Rate. Ceaseless Void. 2-3 / 4-6. 100%. Dark Plasma is a Godseeker Mode crafting material that drops from the Ceaseless Void. It can be used to craft the Cosmic Worm used to summon The Devourer of Gods, along with several magic and rogue weapons.Soul Of Entity (x5) @ Z-Table. 2 - Hardmode: Shadow Eye: 10% increased ki damage and +8% ki crit chance while in the Corruption Your ki attacks have a chance to fire twice All enemies on your screen take damage The damage and the chance increase the closer the enemy is 10% (12.5% Expert Mode) drop from The Hive Mind: 1 - Pre-Hardmode: Soul of ...Yharon, Dragon of Rebirth (On the Get fixed boi seed) 1. 100%. The Blessed Phoenix Egg is a craftable item used to summon the Yharon, Dragon of Rebirth boss. It is not consumed upon use; therefore, it can be used as many times as the player desires. Attempting to use it while Yharon is alive will cause it to do nothing.The Rune of Kos is a craftable post- Moon Lord non-consumable summoning item that is also dropped by Providence, the Profaned Goddess. It is used to summon the Sentinels of the Devourer bosses at various locations in the world. Depending on the location the rune is used in, a different sentinel will be summoned:Ruinous Soul (10) Essential Essence Bar (40) The Last Mourning: Baleful Harvester; Soul of Night (30) Reaper Tooth (5) Ruinous Soul (3) The Maelstrom: The Storm; Reaper Tooth (3) Divine Bar (20) Voidstone (50) The Mutilator: Bloodstone Bar (5) The Prince: Arch Amaryllis; Divine Bar (15) Unholy Essence (10) The Swarmer: Vortex Fragment (20)Necromantic Geode. The Necromatic Geode is a Grab bag that drops from Ravager, replacing Fleshy Geodes once Providence, the Profaned Goddess has been defeated. It contains several late- Hardmode crafting materials and a large supply of Bloodstone .The Aergian Technistaff is a Godseeker Mode summon weapon dropped by XP-00 Hypnos. When used it summons an Aergia Neuron to orbit the player. Aergia Neurons rapidly shoot homing exo pulse lasers towards targets. While holding right click, the neurons will stop shooting and start accelerating in orbit speed. After approximately 5 seconds of charging, the neurons begin connecting themselves with ...Mollusk Husks are Hardmode crafting materials dropped by Clams and the Giant Clam mini boss. They are used to craft the Mollusk armor and the Prismalline. Mollusk Husk can also be placed. 2-5 Mollusk Husks can additionally be obtained from Sunken Crates at a 12% drop chance in Hardmode.Renegade Warlock. 1. 50%. Brimstone Elemental. Calamitas Clone. 8-10 / 10-12. 100%. Essence of Havoc is a Hardmode crafting material that drops from certain enemies related to fire or evil, such as those present in the Brimstone Crag biome .The Tortured Soul is a rare enemy found in The Underworld, during Hardmode. Throwing Purification Powder on it causes it to turn into the Tax Collector. It isn't a good idea to kill it unless you don't want one. It is not recommended to have minions active while looking for a Tortured Soul, since the minions will attack him and probably kill him before he can be purified. You can simply ...Fandom Apps Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.Quantity. Rate. Polterghast. 7-15 / 10-20. 100%. Ruinous Souls are post- Moon Lord crafting materials that drop from the Polterghast. They are used to craft two armor sets, numerous weapons, the Phantom Heart, and Stratus Bricks . From calamitymod.fandom.com. Sell 1 40. Type Crafting material. Tooltip A shard of the distant …Search and download mods directly from Terraria tModLoader Mod ... Divine Geode (post-Providence) Ruinous Soul (post-Polterghast) Cosmilite Bar (post-DoG) Nightmare Fuel (post-DoG) Endothermic Energy (post-DoG) Darksun Fragment (post-buffed Mothron) Yharon Soul Fragment (post-Yharon phase 2) Calamitous Essence (post-SCal)1.3..2 - Added unload ...Summoning items are items that are used to summon enemies, bosses and events. Most bosses will usually not spawn on their own, therefore requiring the player to create their summoning item in order to progress. Most boss-summoning items are not consumable, and can be used an unlimited amount of times. This excludes the Titan Heart and Ashes of ...The Awakening is an item obtained from the Starter Bag. It summons The Calamity when right clicked within the inventory. The Awakening is non-renewable, meaning that player's should take caution to not lose the item as The Calamity is a required encounter to progress through the rest of the game.Sirius. Sirius is a craftable post- Moon Lord summon weapon and the upgrade to the Vengeful Sun Staff. It summons a stratus light entity that hovers above the player's head and shoots beams towards nearby enemies at the cost of 6 minion slots. Additionally, it summons light explosions onto nearby enemies similarly to the Rainbow Crystal Staff .Death is a topic that has been discussed and debated for centuries. It is a natural part of life, yet it remains shrouded in mystery. What happens the moment you die? Is there an afterlife? Does your soul go somewhere else? These are questi...Lumenyl is a Hardmode crafting material that grows on bloc, Sirius. Sirius is a craftable post- Moon Lord summon weapon and the upgrade to the Vengeful Sun Staff. It summon, The Cat License is a consumable item that can be purchased from the Zoologist for 5. Using it allows a Town Cat to mov, Halley's Inferno is a craftable Godseeker Mode flamethrower that uses gel as ammunition. It shoots a lig, Secrets of the Shadows A Terraria Mod Discord Server SOTS is a content mod that has been developed by esse, Entity. Quantity. Rate. Astrum Aureus. 20-40 / 35-50. 100%. Souls of Bright are Hardmod, Depth Cells are a Hardmode crafting material dropped by enemies in the Abyss after Calamitas has be, The Tortured Soul is an uncommon Hardmode enemy found , Terminus is a non-consumable summoning item that is used to s, Dropped by. Entity. Quantity. Rate. Sir Violet. 8-12. 100%. The Magic , Char Matter. Derelict Brick. Contusion Fish. Vehement Prayer. Astra, Hallowed Ore. "The hallow has been blessed with consecrated stone, Not to be confused with Bloodstone Core, a crafting , Astral Bars are Hardmode bars made with 2 Astral Ore and 3 St, Moon Fist. The Warloks' Moon Fist is a craftable post- Moon Lord, Halley's Inferno is a craftable Godseeker Mode flamethrower , 75% damage from the Soul Edge's souls and Ethereal Subjugator', Profaned soul crystal not dropping. The potions I'm using are: .