photo source: Reddit The Piru Street Boys was a street gang founded in the early 1970s in Compton, California. The gang was formed by a group of African-American youths who lived on Piru Street, a small street in Compton. The Piru Street Boys were among the first gangs to adopt the red bandana as a symbol of their affiliation, a practice later adopted by other Bloods gangs.A Black California prison gang. Bleeding. To recruit or make more gang members for the Bloods or United Blood Nation sects. Blob. Disrespectful name for Blood gang member. B.O.S. BOS stands for Brothers of the Struggle, a prison-based branch of the Gangster Disciples. Brand. A member of Aryan Brotherhood.RESIDENCES. Graced with a modern and thoughtful interior aesthetic, 180 East 88th Street features an intimate collection of 46 half and full-floor condominium homes. Residences feature soaring ceilings heights rising from 14-2″ to over 28’+ in duplexes, with 9′ windows framing cinematic views far beyond Central Park.From St. Louis City, between Natural Bridge and Delmar, to St. Louis County, hoods south of Interstate 70 and west of Kienlen Avenue, all can be considered as the West Side. Long before the arrival of the Bloods and Crips, St Louis gangs were already somewhat established with the Westside Rockers, Hardy Boys, Boys of Destruction, and many more.A street vendor who refused to make a $50 rent payment to the CLCS was targeted to be killed by members of the gang in a shooting on September 15, 2007. The man survived despite being shot four times, but a 23-day-old infant sleeping in a stroller next to the vendor was struck and killed.dukes compton compton pd/lasd lynwood c #77 126th street crips carson lasd carson d #38 132nd street compton compton compton pd d 834 134th street hustlers hawthorne hawthorne pd 199 137th st bloods (see lapd bloods - b13) 011 151 block piru (see 151st piru - #85) b #85 151st piru compton/carson compton pd/lasd carson d 563 155 the bunch la ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.May 11, 2022 ... ... gang affiliation. In an 88-page indictment, the Fulton County prosecutors allege Young Thug, whose real name is Jeffery Lamar Williams, co ...Gang-related disputes in custody were also perceived to be a problem and a driver of conflict in the community. Visibility, identifiers and social media There was a perception that gangs were less visible now than two years ago. Practitioners and gang associates reported that gangs spend less time on the street, commit fewer acts ofEstimated to have between 800 and 1,000 members, most of whom are Caucasian males with a history of street gang activity and drug abuse, the NLR operates in correctional facilities and communities. They are involved in the distribution of methamphetamine, heroin and marijuana, along with armed robbery, assault, murder, …Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 462 (S.B. 1900), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2023. SUBCHAPTER B. INTELLIGENCE DATABASES Art. 67.051.AAINTELLIGENCE DATABASES REQUIRED. (a)AASubject ... street gang or foreign terrorist organization for an offense or conduct consistent with gang activity as defined by Section 125.061, Civil Practice and Remedies Code;The Bloods are a primarily African-American street gangs which was founded in Los Angeles, California.The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips.It is identified by the red color worn by its members and by particular gang symbols, including distinctive hand signs.. The Bloods comprise various subgroups known as "sets", among which significant differences exist, such as colors ...#gangs #streetgangs #18thstreet 18th Street, is one of the largest transnational criminal gangs in Los Angeles, with 30,000 to 50,000 members between the Uni..."The results in this case are proof that the members and the leaders of the 18th Street Gang will be held accountable for the violence and intimidation they use in their efforts to terrorize the law-abiding residents of the City of Los Angeles," said United States Attorney André Birotte, Jr. "The members of the 18th Street Gang ...Apr 19, 2013 ... http://www.streetgangs.com 88 members of the Avenues gang are charged with both State and Federal charges, just one year after another large ...The Five Points, Manhattan is a location that was associated with gang activities from the early 19th century. In the late 1920s, Al Capone was the leader of the Chicago Outfit The Hells Angels outlaw motorcycle club was founded in 1948 and is considered a criminal gang by American law enforcement agencies, particularly for their involvement in drug-related activities and violent crimes.00:00 Welcome to the Avalon Gangster Crips hood 00:35 Spending a day with the Avalon Gangster Crips01:20 51st and Avalon01:54 Meeting the OGs in South Park02...Eastside Mad Swan Bloods [MSB, E/S MSB, S-gang] are a predominately African-American street gangs located on the eastside of South Los Angeles in the area of Fremont High School. The main clicks of Mad Swan Bloods are 77, 79, 80 and 84 Mad Swan Bloods. They are closely aligned with the Neighborhood Family Swan Bloods adjacently located.. They are located north of Manchester Blvd adjacent to ...228 East 84th Street #4D. $2,950. 1 Bed. 1 Bath. - - - ft². Listing by Bond New York (810 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10019) Rental in Yorkville.Order 88th Street Burger Bar Delivery. Sometimes, only classic American cuisine like burgers and chicken tenders will do, and with an 88th Street Burger Bar delivery, you’ll be able to get it all straight to your door. Whether you’re in the mood for a big burger after a long day or you’d like chicken and fries for lunch, it’s all on the ...While acknowledging that "criminal street gangs are an expanding cancer in our society," the court cited Papachristou and concluded that "the city cannot empower the police to sweep undesirable persons from the public streets," and cannot make it a "crime to be a gang member in a public place." Chicago v. Morales, 687 N.E.2d 53 (III. 1997). In ...There is also a Mexican gang mentioned from 19th and Cicero that offered to help, I suspect they are referring to the Two Sixs July 10, 1983 article about Twelfth Street Players causing a nuisance in the neighborhood March 4, 1984 article about Twelfth Street Players shooting a Two Six in the butt January 18, 1985 article about a supposed non ...According to the book's account, the Chicago Gaylords were identified as the fourth-largest street gang in Chicago, boasting a membership that spanned thousands both on the streets and within the Illinois prison system. This historical reference sheds light on the gang's prominence within the city during the late 1970s, providing valuable ...Today we're going to talk about the Family Swans bloods. This blood faction is one of the more smaller bloods when it comes to numbers but don't let that foo...The 38th Street gang is one of Los Angeles’ oldest gangs, which has roots all the way back to the 1920s, has around 200 members and shares close ties to the Mexican Mafia, a dominant prison gang. Some of the federal charges against the gang members include racketeering, fire arms, narcotics, extortion, murder and conspiracy, Villagrosia said.Map and Tour of Cleveland Hoods. In one of the largest cities of Ohio and the Midwest, presents a map of the streets within the Cleveland hoods. A full break down of East Side sections like Down The Way and Up The Way, the West Side and the suburbs known as the Heights. There are two maps below that highlight the streets of Cleveland.Hard Time Hustler Crips, 88, 93; Hard Time Hustler Crips, 78; Hickery Street Watts Crip; Holmes Town Crips, 97; Home Boys Crimino Gang in the West LA area; 107 Hoovers | Westmont section of Los Angeles; ... If you get this can you just explain to me all the street gangs and crews. Like say ur this street or ecr or mw and you fight a big gang ...88 Street is a Korean Drama. Plot: Marco, a guy living with a trauma from a dead girlfriend, is a psychiatrist who treats students living on the 88th street.Community. Street gangs can present significant challenges to the safety of communities and the well‐being of children, youth, and families. To begin to break the cycles of gang crime and violence, it is critical to build comprehensive solutions across a spectrum of prevention, intervention, and suppression strategies. The NGC provides ...Jun 2, 2022 ... Operation targeting Stockton street gangs results in 88 felony arrests, including two homicides ... A months-long anti-gang operation by the ...Grammy-winning rapper Young Thug's lyrics are being cited as evidence in a sweeping 56-count gang indictment, again raising a debate over whether lyrics are protected free speech. According to ...There is also a Mexican gang mentioned from 19th and Cicero that offered to help, I suspect they are referring to the Two Sixs July 10, 1983 article about Twelfth Street Players causing a nuisance in the neighborhood March 4, 1984 article about Twelfth Street Players shooting a Two Six in the butt January 18, 1985 article about a supposed non ...Note: An illustration of a group of Bowery Boys, a street gang that terrorized the Lower East Side in the mid-19th century. (Image source: Public Domain). Origin and Evolution.The 18th street gang definitely has a story to tell. This gang has some insane history that involves multiple assassinations, taking over drug territories, g...By Michael Davis. Jan. 15, 2009. Prologue. Joan Ganz Cooney walked toward the corner of Amsterdam Avenue and 112th Street, lost in a fog of grief. Ahead were the crenelated parapets that crown the ...Map of L.A. Blood, Crip, Hoover, Piru, Paisa, and Sureño gangs. Shouts out to LAStrikeUps, LAC_StreetArt1, SanFernandoValleyHitups, and HoodlumSociety2, for many of the photos on Instagram. Blue ...The residents reiterated that 88th Street belongs to the town and not the county and urged the commission to be on their side about allowing it to be only used for the memorial and emergency vehicles.Home > Crip Gangs. Crip Gangs in Los Angeles County | From Long Beach to the Valley, from Santa Monica to Pomona Raymond Washington, a 16 year-old student at Fremont High School, started what would later become known as the Crips in late 1969 or very early 1970. After much of the Black Panther power base was eliminated during the tumultuous 1960s, and as other social and political groups ...The 18th Street Gang emerged in the turbulent socio-economic landscape of 1960s Los Angeles. Comprising predominantly Hispanic members, the gang took root in the Pico-Union neighborhood, an area marked by poverty and social unrest. Initially, the gang formed as a means of protection and solidarity among disenfranchised youth facing challenging ...Tracks0:00 Standing At The Crossroads3:31 You Better Watch Yourself6:26 You Don't Love Me10:56 88th Street Blues15:38 Sun Is Shinning18:41 I Didn't Know22:03...May 21, 2009 ... The early morning raids were aimed at 88 reputed gang ... street gang in this community," he said. ... 88 people linked to a gang that has plagued ...Since the 1950s, Alhambra has experienced separate waves of new immigrants, Italians in the 1950s, Mexicans in the 1960s, and Chinese in the 1980s. As a result, Asians make up the majority. As of 2006, 51% of residents are Asian, 35.5% are Hispanic, 28% are White, and only 1.8% are Black or African American. The total population was recorded at ...Eighteenth Street: The Origins of ‘Barrio 18’ Anibal Serrano. Eighteenth Street (18 th Street) is a gang originating in the Pico-Union District of Los Angeles. It is one of the gangs frequently mentioned in a transnational context and often referred to as a mara—a type of sophisticated gang—due to its presence in El Salvador and other parts of Central America.[1]This article reviews the evolution of the 18th Street Gang in Los Angeles to Barrio 18 in Central America. 18th Street's transnational shift was motivated by "internal and transnational migration flows," as well as, the US increasing deportations of "foreign" criminals. As 18th Street members arrived in Central America, they brought their own US-based gangster culture, a particular ...For those unaware of the Posse and its reputation, Columbus Monthly once called the nationally-known street gang "the biggest, baddest, gun-totingest, drug-slingingest, most murderous bunch in town." The group's activities were serious enough to draw the attention of local and federal authorities, resulting in over 60 arrests of posse ...Chosen Few MC. Crips. Asian Boyz. Grape Street Watts Crips. Rollin' 30s Harlem Crips. Rollin 60's Neighborhood Crips. Sons of Samoa. Tongan Crip Gang. Venice Shoreline Crips.Hard Time Hustler Crips, 88, 93; Hard Time Hustler Crips, 78; Hickery Street Watts Crip; Holmes Town Crips, 97; Home Boys Crimino Gang in the West LA area; ... EVERYBODY KNOWS THAT BIG EIGHTEEN STREET GANG CONTROLS THE WHOLE BOULEVARD!! HGS#1 !! Reply. F U ALL DAY. November 11, 2013 - 12:14 pm.2023 88th Texas Legislative Session. Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Chapter 67 – “Compilation of Information Pertaining to. Combinations and Criminal Street Gangs,” …Our Campus. Founded in 1825, our BJ campus includes the Sanctuary building on 257 West 88th Street and the Community House on 270 West 89th Street, which are connected by a beautiful brand new link. All spaces are fully accessible. Our campus is located between Broadway and West End Avenue on the Upper West Side of Manhattan.The 88-page grand-jury indictment characterizes YSL, “Young Slime Life,” as a “criminal street gang” and alleges 182 instances of the collective’s participation in gang activity and ...'Trained To Go' gang member sentenced to 25 years in prison Former Denver gang members hope to import job-generating ideas from LA Top 10 Oldest Crip street gangs in Los Angeles (Part 1) Family mourns 19-year-old killed at car wash over red shoelaces Kevon Gulley speaks on doing 13 years in prison, fatherhood, and Chris Brown Baltimore PD: "Credible" gang threat against cops ...In mathematics. 88 is: . a refactorable number.; a primitive semiperfect number.; an untouchable number.; a hexadecagonal number.; an Erdős-Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 88 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.; a palindromic number in bases 5 (323 5), 10 (88 10), 21 (44 21), and 43 (22 43).6th Street are one of the many gangs featured in the Cyberpunk universe.[1] Founded by veterans of the fourth Corporate War tired of the helplessness of the NCPD, members of 6th Street in 2045 are generally well-armed and heavily cybered-up with armament from their days in the field. Recently, they have been forced to move into extortion and smuggling in efforts to pay their bills. While they ...MAL Rated 7.94, Ranked #613 | Aired Winter 2014 | Produced by Shaft. Raku Ichijou is the son of the leader of the yakuza gang, Shuei-Gumi, while Chitoge Kirisaki is the daughter of rival gang, Beehive's, leader. When circumstances bring them together, they discover a mutual dislike for each other.The 38th Street gang occupies a huge area on the east side of South Los Angeles and some areas in East Los Angeles. It is considered larger than average at 0.523 square miles stretching from Central Avenue (west) to Alameda (east) from approximately Martin Luther King Blvd (south) to 41st Street (north). The 38th Street turf also extends north ...Eastside Mad Swan Bloods [MSB, E/S MSB, S-gang] are a predominately African-American street gangs located on the eastside of South Los Angeles in the area of Fremont High School. The main clicks of Mad Swan Bloods are 77, 79, 80 and 84 Mad Swan Bloods. They are closely aligned with the Neighborhood Family Swan Bloods adjacently located.. They are located north of Manchester Blvd adjacent to ...The House on East 88th Street is a children's book written by Bernard Waber first published in 1962. [1] The book is the first in the Lyle the Crocodile series. The story is about a family named the Primms who move into an old Victorian brownstone in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, only to find a performing crocodile named Lyle living in the ...Some 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs are criminally active in the U.S. today. Many are sophisticated and well organized; all use violence to control neighborhoods ...808Mobb (GD) (88th & Princeton) Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Fax it seems everyone wanna be gdk nowadays. These niggas love dropping rakes til they hit them state walls now they clinging to that GD shit. They not getting no money thats why they follow instead of showing pride #youboysaintgettingnomoney.Certain factions of 18th Street in South Los Angeles are feuding with Black gangs, specifically the Bloods. In 1994, members of the Rancho Park click that were hanging out on Gibraltar Avenue in the Jungles got into a conflict with members of the Black P Stones in the Jungles. The actual source of this conflict remains in question, but an ...Nov. 27, 2023 5 AM PT. Rapper Young Thug will finally stand before an Atlanta jury on Monday, launching a long-awaited trial that will determine whether he was a key figure of criminal street gang ...In contrast, "most street gangs are only loosely structured, with transient leadership and membership, easily transcended codes of loyalty, and informal rather than formal roles for the members." Very few street or youth gangs meet the essential criteria for classification as "organized crime." ... Criminology, 42(1), 55-88. (see ...Nearby homes similar to 419 NE 88th St have recently sold between $810K to $2M at an average of $480 per square foot. BOUGHT WITH REDFIN NOV 21, 2023 3D WALKTHROUGH. Last Sold Price. 3 beds. 3 baths. 2,680 sq ft. 8106 Latona Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98115.In a report on the Army Street Gang in 2018, another officer who testified, Sgt. Scott Lau, wrote that the group has been around since the 1990s and its territory has centered on Bernal Dwellings. The group, he wrote, uses a number of symbols such as A+, Army St, 26 Mob and ASG and has been involved in robberies, battery and even murder.Dec 27, 2004 ... - A Rolling 60s Crips street gang member was ... An 88-count Superseding Indictment was filed ... gang in Las Vegas. GIVENS admitted that the ...One study explored Chinese tongs and street gangs in the United States in 1984-87; a second study, conducted between 1989 and 1992, examined street gang activities in New York City's Chinatown; the third study, conducted in 1993-96, researched the influx of smuggled Chinese into the United States; the fourth study is an ongoing project that is ...88th Street station. / 40.679857; -73.850968. The 88th Street station (signed as 88th Street–Boyd Avenue station) is a station on the IND Fulton Street Line of the New York City Subway. Located on Liberty Avenue at 88th Street in Ozone Park, Queens, it is served by the A train at all times.Published:5:06 PM PDT April 6, 2022. Updated:8:49 AM PDT April 7, 2022. SACRAMENTO, Calif. — Sunday's downtown Sacramento shooting that left six people dead and 12 wounded was gang-related with ...EastSide 88th Street Mobb Swan Bloods; WestSide Village Stone Bloods; WestSide Untouchable Brims (Unton Brims) ... Vista Blood Gang 36th Street Barrio Vista Bloods Western Hills Gangster Bloods- Subsets include Wrecking Krew,Family Thang and The Outlawz Western Hills Posse BloodsWEST PALM BEACH, Fla. (CBS12) — Nineteen people, including a teenager, are facing charges in connection to a racketeering investigation linked to a criminal gang organization in West Palm Beach ...Armenian Power graffiti in Little Armenia, Los Angeles MS-13 graffiti. This is a list of notable criminal gangs in Los Angeles, California.. The County and the City of Los Angeles has been nicknamed the "Gang Capital of America," with an estimated 450 active gangs with a combined membership of more than 45,000.Emma Krupp. Friday September 3 2021. Located on the edge of Pilsen and Chinatown, 88 Marketplace (2105 S Jefferson St) is a gigantic Chinese grocery store stocked with all kind of imported food ...Gangs continue to proliferate, evolve, and develop criminal tradecrafts. Based on state, local, and federal law enforcement reporting, the NGIC assesses that: • The US gang composition is approximately 88 percent street gang members, 9.5 percent prison gang members, and 2.5 percent outlaw motorcycle gang (OMG) members. NBGsThe 38th Street gang is an American criminal street gang in Los Angeles, California, composed mainly of Hispanic-Americans. The 38th Street gang is one of the oldest street gangs in Los Angeles and has been occupying its territory since the 1920s. They engage in many criminal activities. The Mexican Mafia controls and routinely uses 38th Street gang members to carry out their orders.For serious transgressions, the gang will "green light" or order the murder of a gang member. On January 18, 2009, Ventura Quintanilla and another gang member forced 15-year-old Dennys Alfredo Guzman-Saenz, who was thought to be a rival gang member, into a car in Langley Park, Maryland and drove Guzman-Saenz to Gaithersburg, Maryland.Eighteenth Street: The Origins of ‘Barrio 18’ Anibal Serrano. Eighteenth Street (18 th Street) is a gang originating in the Pico-Union District of Los Angeles. It is one of the gangs frequently mentioned in a transnational context and often referred to as a mara—a type of sophisticated gang—due to its presence in El Salvador and other parts of Central America.[1]By Michael Davis. Jan. 15, 2009. Prologue. Joan Ganz Cooney walked toward the corner of Amsterdam Avenue and 112th Street, lost in a fog of grief. Ahead were the crenelated parapets that crown the ...Some IDX listings have been excluded from this website. 5907 88th Street NE, Marysville, WA 98270 is currently not for sale. The 1,344 Square Feet single family home is a 3 beds, 2 baths property. This home was built in 1954 and last sold on 2024-03-20 for $615,000. View more property details, sales history, and Zestimate data on Zillow.100 Greatest West Coast Rap Songs. StreetGangs.com | May 3, 2023 According to the Rolling Stone Magazine, these are the 100 best rap songs coming out the West Coast. 100. Black Eyed Peas - "Joints And Jams" - 1998 99. Oaktown's 3-5-7 - 'Yeah, Yeah, Yeah' - 1989 98. Dom Kennedy - 'When I Come Around' - 2011 97. Open ...Published:5:06 PM PDT April 6, 2022. Updated:8:49 AM PDT April 7, 2022. SACRAMENTO, Calif. — Sunday's downtown Sacramento shooting that left six people dead and 12 wounded was gang-related with ...Thursday, April 29, 2021. 27. Street Gangs are located throughout the United States, and their memberships vary in number, racial and ethnic composition, and structure. Large national street gangs pose the greatest threat because they smuggle, produce, transport, and distribute large quantities of illicit drugs and rely on extreme violence.Abstract. This report looks at the history of street gangs in the United States. The report presents information on gang activity based on the four major census areas in the United States: the Northeast, the Midwest, the West, and the South. The history of the emergence and growth of gangs is presented separately for each region.2023 88th Texas Legislative Session. Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Chapter 67 – “Compilation of Information Pertaining to. Combinations and Criminal Street Gangs,” …The 18th street gang definitely has a story to tell. This gang has some insane history that involves multiple assassinations, taking over drug territories, g...While street gangs share some common behaviors, customs and practices, a gang in a particular community may also have some unique characteristics specific to that gang. ... 14, 13 , or 88 (the eighth letter of the alphabet, H). For white supremacists, 88 refers to HH or "Heil Hitler." The tattoos may also indicate the gang name by using ...Varrio La Loma. 18th Street - MacArthur Park area, Los Angeles. 18th Street - 7th & Broadway Gangsters. 18th Street - Pico & Union. Hispanic gangs in the City of Los Angeles, California - Hollywood area. Clanton 14th Street (C14) - 3rd Hood, Hollywood, CA. Varrio St. Andrews (STA) in Hollywood area.By Adam Morgan. September 28, 2017, 9:40 am. As a child, Peter James loved playing Risk with his family. Only twelve years old, he appreciated the strategy involved in commanding armies and taking ...Nickerson Gardens and Jordan Downs were united until Crips arrived as Jordan Down Crips Lil Reece Talks about Operation Tampa Bay, Riverside Gang Bust Hitman from Q102 East Coast Crips The LAPD and the Watts Bears are curtailing gang activity Grape Street Crips on gang injunctions & possible peace with East Coast Crips Aqeela Sherrills talks on LA …About. 48 units. 50 stories. 2019 built. Closings have commenced. An Upper East Side Original by DDG. 180 East 88th is a luxury condominium with grand proportions. Its 48 residences feature precise detail, reinvigorating and re-imagining a pre-war aesthetic. Ceiling heights stretch up to 14’-2″ and 28’-8″ in duplexes, making room for ...By Frank Main and Tom Schuba. Dec 18, 2023, 2:51pm PDT. Chicago police investigate the scene of a shooting in which 15 people were wounded in the 1000 block of West 79th Street, in the Auburn ...About. 48 units. 50 stories. 2019 built. Closings have commenced. An Upper East Side Original by DDG. 180 East 88th is a luxury condominium with grand proportions. Its 48 residences feature precise detail, reinvigorating and re-imagining a pre-war aesthetic. Ceiling heights stretch up to 14’-2″ and 28’-8″ in duplexes, making room for ...We're located on the corner of 157th Avenue and 88th Street, across the highway from Walmart. Stop by to c, Pacoima is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley of the city of Los Angeles, California. It is bordered the Mission, Indian women continue to be brutalised by the very system created to protect them. It’s been, With the publication of The House on East 88th Street in 1962, his Lyle, Lyle Crocodile series of books became a mainsta, Address: 101 West 88th Street. Get Directions View Map. Entranc, The gang (an offshoot of the much older Clanton 14) formed more than 40 years ago on 18th Street in Pico-Union, The 18 th Street gang is particularly violent because membe, There are about 500 Sureño Hispanic gangs in Los Angeles County repr, St. Lawrence University. Canton, New York 13617 1-877-388-6277 • , In mathematics. 88 is: . a refactorable number.; a primi, Open full screen to view more. This map was created by a user. Lear, The 38th Street gang is one of Los Angeles' oldest ga, The gangs developed a vivid corporate structure follow, Gang-related organised crime in the United Kingdom is co, STOCKTON, Calif. — A street gang crackdown in central California , Local perspectives in Ending Gang and Youth Violence areas: perceptio, One of Willie's 88 gang mates Free stops by the field. He r, The Quality Street Gang operated in Manchester, England, in the 19.