Early phase of Late-Bronze-Age volcano eruption (~ 1500 BC), southern border of the Caldera island. The lower layer of pumice is finer, almost white and without rock intrusions. Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase (BO 1 /Minoan A) [22] of the eruption deposited up to 7 m (23 ft) of pumice and ash, with a minor lithic component ... Pottery was produced in Greece as early as the Neolithic period, but the tradition of decorated ceramic vessels in Greece developed more quickly starting in the Bronze Age, a period that began around 3,000 B.C.E. and ended with the collapse of the Mycenaean civilizations around 1,100 B.C.E. On the Greek mainland, the Bronze Age is referred to ...In this sense, the dates of the Middle Bronze Age destruction of sites such as Jericho, Azeka, and Lachish, in the 16th century BC, do not match the continued occupation of Jerusalem in the 15th century BC. A possible solution would be to place Phase V in the Late Bronze Age.Tree-rings provided precise felling dates and showed that construction was a single event. Top. c. 2000 BC - 1400 BC ... In the Late Bronze Age (1200-800 BC) both forms and quantities of metalwork ... The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC), Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), and Late Bronze Age (1200–c. 500 BC). Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. The late Bronze Age was also signatured by advanced pottery-making techniques, and more sophisticated weapon-making. ... the period of Bronze Age man lasted for almost 1,500 years, a time that ...Oct 2, 2014 · In the Late Bronze Age, these enemies were frequently shown as Asiatics. 31 There seems to be a (conceptual? geographical?) difference between the “usual suspects”—“vile” Nubians 32 and Asiatics 33 —and those who are shown less frequently, namely the Libyans, the “people from the islands in the middle of the great green” (the ... The precise dating of the Bronze Age eruption of Thera, Santorini, is key to understanding Aegean, Egyptian and Near Eastern chronologies. Material from the eruption provides a clear datum on archaeological sites, which, if dated, would be fundamental to synchronisation between these Late Bronze Age Mediterranean civilisations. ‘The Late Bronze Age, 1595–1155 bce ’ continues the story of the ancient Near East from the late sixteenth century bce and over the next four hundred years. Hammurabi's empire faced many of the same difficulties as the empires that came before. Rebellion started …The Late Bronze Age (1250-800 BC) is marked by the arrival of new styles of metalwork and pottery, but otherwise life continued much as before. Horse-riding became more popular and Late Bronze Age ...The Late Bronze Age (1700–900 BC) represents an extremely dynamic period for Mediterranean Europe. Here, we provide a comparative survey of the archaeological record of over half a millennium within the entire northern littoral of the Mediterranean, from Greece to Iberia, incorporating archaeological, archaeometric, and …Minoan civilization Geographical range Crete, additional settlements around Aegean Sea Period Aegean Bronze Age Dates c. 3100 – c. 1100 BC Major sites Knossos, Phaistos, Hagia Triada, Malia, Zakros Preceded by Neolithic Crete Followed by Mycenaean3300–1000 BC (Bronze Age and Iron Age I) The Canaanite and Egyptian period Canaanites / New Kingdom Egypt Canaan / Djahy: Initial fortification of cities, people used bronze, initial use of writing systems. The Late Bronze Age is characterized by individual city-states and domination by Egypt. S. W. Manning, C. B. Ramsey, C. Doumas, T. Marketou, G. Cadogan, and C. L. Pearson, "New Evidence for an Early Date for the Aegean Late Bronze Age and Thera Eruption," Antiquity 76(2002) 733-744. S. W. Manning and B. Weninger, "A Light in the Dark: Archaeological Wiggle Matching and the Absolute Chronology of the Close of the Aegean Late ...Bronze Age Timeline. Search Results. c. 6200 BCE. First copper smelting in Anatolia. 3800 BCE. ... Late Bronze Age in Scotland. Timeline Search. ... Specify between which dates you want to search, and what keywords you are looking for. From. To. Keywords.The Sintashta culture is a Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Southern Urals, dated to the period c. 2200–1750 BCE. It is the first phase of the Sintashta–Petrovka complex, c. 2200 –1750 BCE.The culture is named after the Sintashta archaeological site, in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, and spreads through Orenburg Oblast, Bashkortostan, and …P. P. Betancourt and H. N. Michael, "Dating the Aegean Late Bronze Age with Radiocarbon: Addendum," Archaeometry 29(1987) 212-213. P. P. Betancourt and G. A. Weinstein, "Carbon-14 and the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean," AJA …The earliest date of the LBA is recorded for the Late Helladic (LH) I period in Greece while the very last period that bears a “Bronze Age” label in Mediterranean Europe is the Bronze Final 3 of southeastern France and the Bronce Final III of Iberia, whose end has been placed around 800 BC (Castro et al. 1996; Janin and Chardenon 1998 ...The inventions that characterized the Bronze Age were metal weapons and writing. Smelting copper and tin into bronze was the primary requirement of classifying a civilization as part of the Bronze Age, and centralized government, the potter...Minoan chronology is a measure of the phases of the Minoan civilization. Two systems of relative chronology are used for the Minoans. The first, based on pottery styles, divides Minoan history into three major periods: Early Minoan (EM), Middle Minoan (MM) and Late Minoan (LM).Bronzano razdoblje u Evropi započinje razvojem trgovačkih putova Egejskih kultura oko 3000. p. n. e. najpre se uvozio kalaj i ugalj na Kipra, gde se kopao bakar potreban za proizvodnju bronze koja se izvozila širom Sredozemlja, pa i šire. Postoje naznake kako su neki predmeti pronađeni u Velikoj Britaniji mediteranskog porekla. Pomorska navigacija u …Bronze does not rust. The term “rust” refers strictly to the oxidation of iron and its alloys. Bronze is made primarily from copper and tin, with no iron added. Though it does not rust, exposed bronze is subject to oxidation.3300–1000 BC (Bronze Age and Iron Age I) The Canaanite and Egyptian period Canaanites / New Kingdom Egypt Canaan / Djahy: Initial fortification of cities, people used bronze, initial use of writing systems. The Late Bronze Age is characterized by individual city-states and domination by Egypt.Sep 18, 2015 · There are two models for the origins and timing of the Bronze Age in Southeast Asia. The first centres on the sites of Ban Chiang and Non Nok Tha in Northeast Thailand. It places the first evidence for bronze technology in about 2000 B.C., and identifies the origin by means of direct contact with specialists of the Seima Turbino metallurgical tradition of Central Eurasia. The second is based ... Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , romanized: māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, then to a territorial state, and eventually an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.[4] Spanning from the early Bronze Age to the late Iron Age ...Late Bronze Age There was no sharp break between the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Palestine. Shortly before the death of Ahmose I (1514 bce ), the first native pharaoh of the New Kingdom, the Egyptian armies began to conquer Palestine, probably completing their task during his successor’s reign.Jan 2, 2018 · Civilizations in Greece began working with bronze before 3000 B.C., while the British Isles and China entered the Bronze Age much later—around 1900 B.C. and 1600 B.C., respectively. For the Shephelah, isolated dates from a number of sites have been published, 1 and more recently a sequence dealing with the Late Bronze to Iron Age (LB-IA) transition (Tell es-Safi/Gath; Asscher ...v. t. e. The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years [1] and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC, with the advent of metalworking. [2] Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals ...The history of ancient Israel and Judah begins in the Southern Levant region of Western Asia during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The earliest known reference to "Israel" as a people or tribal confederation (see Israelites) is in the Merneptah Stele, an inscription from ancient Egypt that dates to about 1208 BCE, but the people group ... Here, it will add the entered years (In my case, 5 years) to the existing date by creating a new date with the given values. After that, hit ENTER. Then, you will see the result of 5 years added with the first person joining date. After that, use the Fill Handle tool and drag it down from the D7 cell to the D11 cell.3 Okt 2014 ... In which John Green teaches you about the Bronze Age civilization in what we today call the middle east, and how the vast, ...The late Bronze Age was also signatured by advanced pottery-making techniques, and more sophisticated weapon-making. ... the period of Bronze Age man lasted for almost 1,500 years, a time that ...Neolithic (New Stone Age) The Bronze Age. The Early Bronze Age (c. 3000–2200) End of the Early Bronze Age on the mainland (c. 2200–2000) The Middle Bronze Age on the mainland (c. 2000–1550) The Cyclades; The Shaft Grave Period on the mainland (c. 1600–1450) Period of the Early Palaces in Crete (c. 2000–1700)Skara Brae in the Orkneys date to the Late Neolithic and are associated with users of Grooved Ware. Prehistoric Britain Before your visit Bronze Age Britain Around 2400 BC a new set of beliefs and practices, known as the Beaker ‘package ...3300–1000 BC (Bronze Age and Iron Age I) The Canaanite and Egyptian period Canaanites / New Kingdom Egypt Canaan / Djahy: Initial fortification of cities, people used bronze, initial use of writing systems. The Late Bronze Age is characterized by individual city-states and domination by Egypt. Bronze Age Timeline Search Results c. 6200 BCE First copper smelting in Anatolia . 3800 BCE Earliest bronze working. 3650 BCE Invention of the wheel. 3500 BCE Farming has spread across Europe . 3400 BCE Priests become the rulers of Mesopotamian cities . c. 3000 BCE First habitation of Epidaurus site. 3000 BCE - 2550 BCE A map illustrating the sudden, chaotic downfall of numerous interconnected civilizations in the Aegean, Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia toward the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE). The great kingdoms and empires of the day—including The Mycenaean Greeks, The Hittite Empire, Kassite Babylonia (invaded by its neighbors Elam ...History of Europe - Bronze Age, Iron Age, Prehistory: Changes in metal objects, in styles, and in burial rituals have been used to subdivide the period. The most basic division uses the same criteria as Christian Jürgensen Thomsen’s Three Age system, in which the material used for producing tools and weapons distinguishes an age. This has resulted in a distinction between the Copper, Bronze ...In the middle Bronze Age (about 1500 bce) new influences brought urn burial into eastern Ireland. From about 1200 bce elements of a late Bronze Age appear, and by about 800 bce a great late Bronze Age industry was established. A considerable wealth of bronze and gold is present, an example of which is the great Clare gold hoard.Late Bronze Age | Britannica. Learn about this topic in these articles: European cultures. In history of Europe: The chronology of the Metal Ages. …into either Early, Middle, and Late phases or into the Unetician, Tumulus, and Urnfield cultures.1,460 likes, 83 comments - Jodi Harrison Bauer (@jodiharrisonbauer) on Instagram: "Me in my 50s up until 59 @JLo Talking about being over 50 is old to me. I’ve been ...Stating a date of 2686 BC for the end of the bronze age in Egypt is incredibly early. Whilst there have been early finds such as a smelted iron dagger blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dating from 2500 BC. These aren't the norm. The end of the bronze age is dated to the time of the 'bronze age collapse.' around 1200 BC.The Prehistoric Period—or when there was human life before records documented human activity—roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. It is generally categorized in three ...The Bronze Age collapse: A "Dark Age" begins with the fall of Babylonian Dynasty III (Kassite) around 1200 BC, the invasions of the Sea Peoples and the collapse of the Hittite Empire. Early Iron Age : Around 900 BC, written records once again become more numerous with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire , establishing relatively secure …For much of the Late Bronze Age, all but the Mitanni controlled the Near Eastern, since Assyria replaced Mitanni in the second half of this period. v, vi, vii The Amarna Letters These letters are some of the earliest examples of diplomacy in human history. viii They were discovered in 1887 CE in El-Amarna, the former capital of the …The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC), Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), and Late Bronze Age (1200–c. 500 BC). Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials.The late Bronze Age was also signatured by advanced pottery-making techniques, and more sophisticated weapon-making. ... the period of Bronze Age man lasted for almost 1,500 years, a time that ... JW: 1177 BC is the date in which Ramses III of Egypt (r. 1186-1155 BC) defeated the Sea Peoples for a second time at the Battle of the Delta. (The Battle of Djahy, which pitted the Egyptians against the Sea Peoples occurred a few years earlier.) You characterize this as a “pyrrhic victory,” which symbolically ends the Bronze Age networks of ...In the Late Bronze Age, these enemies were frequently shown as Asiatics. 31 There seems to be a (conceptual? geographical?) difference between the “usual suspects”—“vile” Nubians 32 and Asiatics 33 —and those who are shown less frequently, namely the Libyans, the “people from the islands in the middle of the great green” (the ...15 Jul 2020 ... Radiocarbon-Dating the Late Bronze Age: Cultural and Historical Considerations on Megiddo and Beyond. Mario A. S. Martin,; Israel Finkelstein ...Background The earliest records in Britain for the western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) date from the Late Bronze Age. The arrival of this commensal species in Britain is thought to be related to human transport and trade with continental Europe. In order to study this arrival, we collected a total of 16 ancient mouse …Age should be dated to the collapse of the Egyptian control over the land at 1150. BCE, as opposed to Mazar (1990: 290) who ends the Late Bronze Age in the more.Oct 16, 2023 · The date at which the age began varied with regions; in Greece and China, for instance, the Bronze Age began before 3000 bce, whereas in Britain it did not start until about 1900 bce. Knossos (pronounced / ( kə) ˈnɒsoʊs, - səs /; Ancient Greek: Κνωσσός, romanized : Knōssós, pronounced [knɔː.sós]; Linear B: 𐀒𐀜𐀰 Ko-no-so [2]) is a Bronze Age archaeological site in Crete. The site was a major center of the Minoan civilization and is known for its association with the Greek myth of Theseus and the minotaur.The Late Neolithic and Copper Age were a time of change in most of Europe. Technological innovations including animal traction, the wheel, and plow agriculture transformed the prehistoric economy. The discovery of copper metallurgy expanded the spectrum of socially significant materials and realigned exchange networks away from …The NBA is one of the most popular sports leagues in the world, with millions of fans tuning in to watch games and stay up-to-date with their favorite teams. In today’s digital age, there are numerous ways to catch NBA action, but nothing b...The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from c. 2000/1750–500 BC. The Nordic Bronze Age culture emerged about 1750 BC as a continuation of the Battle Axe culture (the Scandinavian Corded Ware variant) and Bell Beaker culture , [1] [2] as well as from …The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500–3900/ ... Lazaridis et al.24 showed that the Levant Bronze Age population from the site of 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan ...The Bronze Age ended around 1200 B.C. when humans began to forge an even stronger metal: iron. Bronze Age Civilizations. Xoil/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0. A map of Europe during the …For the Shephelah, isolated dates from a number of sites have been published, 1 and more recently a sequence dealing with the Late Bronze to Iron Age (LB-IA) transition (Tell es-Safi/Gath; Asscher ...During the Late Bronze Age, Troy was called Wilusa and was a vassal of the Hittite Empire. ... A number of radiocarbon dates, from charcoal samples, were obtained from various phases of the Troy I level. From 2006 until 2012, these excavations continued with ...Jōmon pottery, Japanese Stone Age Trundholm sun chariot, Nordic Bronze Age Iron Age house keys Cave of Letters, Nahal Hever Canyon, Israel Museum, Jerusalem The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory (with some overlap into the historical periods in a few regions) into three time-periods: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and …The characteristics of, and the dates for, the Early Bronze Age vary regionally in central Europe. Some areas, such as the Saarland , even appear either to have had continuous Neolithic occupation until as late as 1400 bce or to have been uninhabited during the Early Bronze Age. Bronze Age Timeline Search Results c. 6200 BCE First copper smelting in Anatolia . 3800 BCE Earliest bronze working. 3650 BCE Invention of the wheel. 3500 BCE Farming has spread across Europe . 3400 BCE Priests become the rulers of Mesopotamian cities . c. 3000 BCE First habitation of Epidaurus site. 3000 BCE - 2550 BCE www.jungsteinSITE.de C dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age February 17th, 2012 2 tance of Karl-Göran Sjögren, who contributed to the database withAssyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , romanized: māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, then to a territorial state, and eventually an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.[4] Spanning from the early Bronze Age to the late Iron Age ...e. Helladic chronology is a relative dating system used in archaeology and art history. It complements the Minoan chronology scheme devised by Sir Arthur Evans for the categorisation of Bronze Age artefacts from the Minoan civilization within a historical framework. Whereas Minoan chronology is specific to Crete, the cultural and …Bronze Age, third phase in the development of material culture among the ancient peoples of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, following the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods (Old Stone Age and New Stone Age, respectively). The term also denotes the first period in which metal was used. The date at which the age began varied with regions; in Greece and China, for instance, the Bronze Age began ...e. Helladic chronology is a relative dating system used in archaeology and art history. It complements the Minoan chronology scheme devised by Sir Arthur Evans for the categorisation of Bronze Age artefacts from the Minoan civilization within a historical framework. Whereas Minoan chronology is specific to Crete, the cultural and …The late Bronze Age was also signatured by advanced pottery-making techniques, and more sophisticated weapon-making. ... the period of Bronze Age man lasted for almost 1,500 years, a time that ... The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC), Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), and Late Bronze Age (1200–c. 500 BC). Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. The inventions that characterized the Bronze Age were metal weapons and writing. Smelting copper and tin into bronze was the primary requirement of classifying a civilization as part of the Bronze Age, and centralized government, the potter...The Irish Bronze Age dates from approximately 2500 BC to 500BC. The period is characterised by the wealth of new, innovative and exciting metalworking techniques. The population of Bronze Age Ireland was highly organised. Archaeological discoveries from this period include domestic sites (fulacht fiadh, enclosures and campsites), burials (wedge ... Ammurapi. Ammurapi ( Hittite: 𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉 am-mu-ra-pí) was the last Bronze Age ruler and king (c. 1215 to 1180 BC) of the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit. Ammurapi was a contemporary of the Hittite King Suppiluliuma II. He wrote a preserved vivid letter RS 18.147 (Nougayrol et al. (1968 Ugaritica V): 87-9 no. 24) [clarification needed] in ...Date (BC) Location: Details: Type: 2250–1950: Sutherland: The Migdale Hoard is an early Bronze Age find at Skibo Castle that includes two bronze axes, several pairs of armlets and anklets, a necklace of forty bronze beads, ear pendants and bosses of bronze and jet buttons. (M) 2000 West Lothian Early phase of Late-Bronze-Age volcano eruption (~ 1500 BC), southern border of the Caldera island. The lower layer of pumice is finer, almost white and without rock intrusions. Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase (BO 1 /Minoan A) [22] of the eruption deposited up to 7 m (23 ft) of pumice and ash, with a minor lithic component ...Radiocarbon dates confirm the site was built c. 1218–1058 B.C., which spans the transition from the Middle to Late Bronze Age in Ireland.The burning of hillforts such as Toor More provides some insight into regional conflictsof the later Bronze Age in Ireland.The Late Bronze Age from about 1600 to 1150 BCE was a time of unprecedented economic activity in human history based on the supply and production of the ...The Bronze Age collapse: A "Dark Age" begins with the fall of Babylonian Dynasty III (Kassite) around 1200 BC, the invasions of the Sea Peoples and the collapse of the Hittite Empire. Early Iron Age : Around 900 BC, written records once again become more numerous with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire , establishing relatively secure …A map illustrating the sudden, chaotic downfall of numerous interconnected civilizations in the Aegean, Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia toward the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE). The great kingdoms and empires of the day—including The Mycenaean Greeks, The Hittite Empire, Kassite Babylonia (invaded by its neighbors Elam ...Published February 8, 2023. • 7 min read. A new study of 3,200-year-old trees in Turkey suggests that the mysterious collapse of several civilizations in the Late Bronze Age, from around 1200 to ...The Late Bronze Age that Cline is interested in stretches from about 1500 B.C. to 1100 B.C. The Bronze Age itself, as opposed to the Stone Age before it, begins somewhere around 3000 B.C. At that ...The Prehistoric Period—or when there was human life before records documented human activity—roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. ... a late Bronze Age settlement situated on ...Cycladic culture (also known as Cycladic civilisation or, chronologically, as Cycladic chronology) was a Bronze Age culture (c. 3100–c. 1000 BC) found throughout the islands of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. In chronological terms, it is a relative dating system for artifacts which serves as a roughly contemporary dating system to Helladic ... Starting in the mid 50’s, a date code was stamped on the bottom of every Zippo lighter made. The original purpose was for quality control. The date code has since become an invaluable tool for Zippo collectors. Most lighters fabricated between 1933 and 1957 can be identified by style and model and the patent or patent-pending marks.October 20, 2020 falls on a Tuesday (Weekday) This Day is on 43rd (forty-third) Week of 2020. It is the 294th (two hundred ninety-fourth) Day of the Year. There are 72 Days left until the end of 2020. October 20, 2020 is 80.33% of the year completed. It is 50th (fiftieth) Day of Autumn 2020. 2020 is a Leap Year (366 Days) Days count in …Coastal salterns are known from the late Bronze Age onwards as well, for example at Curnic, ... (Finistère) of late La Tène date. An estimated 40–55 kg of salt per oven were produced at Ebihens. Each oven was about 2 m long. The site dates to the end of the ...Bronze has a cost that varies according to its fluctuating value in the market. Different scrap yards, antique dealers and other buyers all pay different rates for the alloy. Bronze values also vary according to the type of bronze being ass...Indeed, in Ireland, a concentration of stone circles in western Ulster is thought to date to the Bronze Age, based on environmental evidence (Pilcher 1969). Although there is a likelihood that other Irish stone circle sites date to the Late Neolithic, the chronology of these sites is intrinsically difficult to ascertain with any precision.The Prehistoric Period—or when there was human life before records documented human activity—roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. It is generally categorized in three ...Other articles where Late Bronze Age is discussed: history of Europe: The chronology of the Metal Ages: …in, Late Bronze Age: The fall of the ... The letters date from the, Cite this lesson. In the Stone and Bronze ages, religion developed alongside cultural and technological a, Early Bronze Age: 3rd millennium BC (approximate dat, Early Indo-European presence likely dates to the early 3rd millennium BC, introducing branches of the Cor, For the Shephelah, isolated dates from a number of sites have been published, 1 and more recently a sequence dealin, Céide Fields. Coordinates: 54°18′18″N 9°27′25″W. Céide Fields site. The Céide Fields , and multivector system of trade underpinned Eurasian tin exchange d, Eruption of Santorini (Thera): Science 312 (28 April 2, Other articles where Late Bronze Age is discussed: hi, The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (, Learn about the Iron Age facts and important dates. Learn , The Late Bronze Age (1250-800 BC) is marked by the a, The Late Neolithic and Copper Age were a time of change in most of Eur, Bronze Age Timeline Search Results c. 6200 BCE First , Ancient India (Pre-historic to AD 700) Paleolithic Period , As people age, they often find themselves in a unique, Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase o.